1. Aquifers 101 Robert E. Mace Texas Water Development Board Groundwater 101 November 10, 2010

2. Outline Yay for aquifers! Definitions Flow through an aquifer Pumping an aquifer

3. Outline Yay for aquifers! Definitions Flow through an aquifer Pumping an aquifer

5. World Water Balance From Freeze and Cherry (1979)

6. groundwater and Texas ~60 percent of the 16.6 million acre-feet of water used ~80 percent of groundwater is used for irrigation groundwater provides 39 percent of water to cities tastes good when yer thirsty

7. austin chalk

8. catfish farm well Edwards aquifer flowing well at 40,000 gpm 1/4 of San Antonio’s use 9% of Annual Recharge world’s largest artesian well National Geographic (1993)

9. Major aquifers

10. Minor aquifers

12. Hickory Aquifer, sandstone

13. Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) Aquifer, limestone

14. Ogallala Aquifer, sand and gravel

15. Outline Yay for Groundwater! Definitions Flow through an aquifer Pumping an aquifer

16. Definitions Aquifer Aquitard/confining layer Vadose zone/unsaturated zone Water table Recharge Water level Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer

17. an aquifer is geologic media that can yield economically usable amounts of water. what is an aquifer ? Dirt and rocks Depends on who’s using it

18. what is an aquifer ? Limestone (especially karstified), sandstone, sand, gravel, fractured rocks It must have spaces that water can fill up; These spaces are called pores. We call these Materials porous. (The related noun is porosity) It is measured by volume of space/total volume of material.

19. what is an aquifer ? For a layer to be a true aquifer, it must Allow water to flow; if a layer lets water flow, We say its permeable. (The related noun is Permeability.) This is how interconnected the pores are.

20. Another characteristic of most aquifers is the presence of layers that don’t let water flow easily. an aquitard is geologic media that can not yield economically usable amounts of water. what is an aquitard ?

21. clay, shale, unfractured dense rocks Note: can still transmit water, but s l o w l y what is an aquitard ?

22. A confining layer is an aquitard that bounds an aquifer. what is a confining layer ?

23. The vadose zone is the unsaturated geologic media between the water table and the land surface. Scientific side note: There is a saturated capillary zone between the vadose zone and the water table. what is a vadose zone?

24. the vadose zone

25. A water table is where the aquifer meets the vadose (unsaturated) zone. Scientific definition: surface on which the fluid pressure in the pores of a porous medium is exactly atmospheric. what is a water table?

26. the water table

27. Recharge is water that infiltrates to the water table of an aquifer. what is recharge?

28. recharge

29. A water level is the level at which water rests (or would rest) in a well. what is a water level?

30. the water level

31. water flows downhill (to lower potential energy) water flows uphill to money 2 rules of groundwater flow

32. water flows downhill (to lower potential energy)

33. Groundwater Flowpaths

34. An unconfined aquifer is an aquifer that is bounded by a confining layer at its bottom but not at its top. what is an unconfined aquifer?

35. an unconfined aquifer

36. A confined aquifer is an aquifer that is bounded by confining layers at its bottom and top and where the water level rises above the top of the aquifer. Scientific side note: This is also an artesian aquifer. “Artesian” does not require water to flow at land surface. what is a confined aquifer?

37. a confined aquifer

38. confined or unconfined?

41. same aquifer: unconfined and confined

42. Major aquifers

43. same location: confined and unconfined aquifers

44. Outline Yay for aquifers! Definitions Flow through an aquifer Pumping an aquifer

45. Recharge Aquifer Pumping Spring/ base flow Your aquifer as a bathtub

47. cross-section - structure

48. Recharge Aquifer Pumping Spring/ base flow Your aquifer as a bathtub

49. recharge

51. Graphic from Playa Lakes Joint Venture

52. Recharge Aquifer Pumping Spring/ base flow Your aquifer as a bathtub

54. Terms that describe the ease with which water flows through geologic media. Scientific side note: permeability is independent of fluid type; hydraulic conductivity is specific to water and relative to a unit area; and transmissivity is specific to water and relative to the thickness of the aquifer and a unit width. what is permeability ? hydraulic conductivity ? transmissivity ?

56. Recharge Aquifer Pumping Spring/ base flow Your aquifer as a bathtub

57. Comal Springs

59. Attack of the Killer Salt Cedar!

60. Outline Yay for aquifers! Definitions Flow through an aquifer Pumping an aquifer

61. Recharge Aquifer Pumping Spring/ base flow Your aquifer as a bathtub

62. water flows downhill (to lower potential energy) water flows uphill to money 2 rules of groundwater flow

63. pumping a well: unconfined

64. pumping a well: confined