1. Causes of the Age of Exploration
Crusades = interest in distant lands
travelers = fantastic stories
Renaissance = means of exploring

2. gems, silk, porcelain, spices
Desired items
luxury goods from India, China, and the Spice Islands
gems, silk, porcelain, spices

3. Trade route problems rugged, difficult terrain fees for passage
Italian monopoly
Ottoman Turk raids

4. Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes avoid the Turks
away from Italian merchants
without extra tolls and taxes

5. Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes Quest for gold
rumors of gold in Africa
hope of other gold deposits

6. Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes Quest for gold
Desire for adventure and glory
encouraged by Renaissance ideals
took great risks for human praise

7. Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes Quest for gold
Desire for adventure and glory
Religious concerns
Muslim threat
search for wealthy ally
gain new converts

8. Exploration Reasons National Competition rival Italian monopoly
increase national power and wealth
encourage trade and colonization

9. Maps accurate for the Mediterranean and European coasts
updated after successful trips
spread by printing press

10. Instruments compass = aided navigation and mapmaking
latitudinal instruments = determine location at sea
astrolabe, quadrant, cross-staff

11. Ships seagoing vessels = sail open seas and carry large cargoes
caravel

12. Iberian success shipping = principal industry
Italian dominance in Mediterranean
superior navigational and mapmaking skills
motivated by a crusading spirit

13. Portugal’s exploration
Prince Henry, the Navigator
never led an expedition
established a school of navigation
instruments, maps, caravel

14. Portugal’s exploration
Bartholomeu Dias
rounded the tip of Africa
named the Cape of Good Hope

15. Portugal’s exploration
Vasco da Gama
water route from Portugal to India
opened India to European trade

16. Spain’s exploration Christopher Columbus
sought western route to Japan and China
discovered the Caribbean
made three more voyages

17. Naming of America
Amerigo Vespucci = reached and explored South America
Martin Waldseemöller = coined the name America

18. Line of Demarcation officially = Treaty of Tordesillas
divided the Atlantic Ocean north to south
Treaty of Saragossa extended line around the globe

19. Line’s Importance Portugal colonized Africa and East Indies
Spain claimed almost all of New World
forced Spain to seek western route to Asia

20. Spain’s exploration Ferdinand Magellan
first to circumnavigate the world
did not live to complete his goal

21. Results one body of water covered the earth
verified the world was round
confirmed Columbus’ discoveries not close to Asia

22. North American Indians
Northeastern = formed a confederation
Southeastern = “mound builders”
Plains = followed buffalo herds
Southwestern = “cliff dwellers”
West Coast = small, scattered tribes

23. Maya noted for artistic and intellectual achievements
comparable to ancient civilizations

24. Aztec
centered on Tenochtitlán
vicious fighters, but poor rulers

25. Inca
great empire in Peru
built highly sophisticated cities

26. conquistadors
Spanish conquerors

27. Conquistador Commissions
search for riches
evangelize the Indians
establish Spanish authority

28. Vasco Núñez de Balboa in search of adventure
established a colony at Panama
first European to see the Pacific Ocean

29. Hernando Cortés “greatest of the conquistadors”
believed to be a returning deity
defeated the Aztecs

30. Francisco Pizarro cruelest conquistador in search of gold
defeated the Incas

31. Requerimento
document informing the Indians of Spain’s possession

32. Requerimento statement
God gave the Pope authority on the earth.
Pope gave Spain authority over the New World.
Indians could become Catholics and Spanish subjects.

33. Bartolomé de las Casas Roman Catholic friar
worked to end abuse of the natives
helped institute the “New Laws”
denounced forced conversions

34. Hernando de Soto served with Pizarro
explored southeastern United States
discovered the Mississippi River

35. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
searched for the “Seven Cities of Cibola”
explored southwestern United States

36. French explorers Jacques Cartier
three voyages seeking a Northwest Passage
explored eastern coast of Canada

37. French explorers Samuel de Champlain “Father of New France”
colonized Saint Lawrence River area

38. French explorers Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet Jesuit missionaries
explored Mississippi River

39. French explorers Sieur de La Salle
traveled to the mouth of the Mississippi River
claimed entire river valley for France

40. Dutch explorers Henry Hudson hired English explorer
searched for a shorter route to the Orient

41. English explorers John Cabot hired Italian explorer
led first English exploration to the New World

42. English explorers John Smith
leader of first permanent English settlement
built a village as exploration base

43. Portugal and the East India trading posts under Pedro Cabral
naval power gave the advantage

44. Portugal and the East Asia Affonso de Albuquerque = viceroy of Asia
built a vast commercial empire

45. Portuguese Shortcomings
too vast for the small nation
lost many men at sea
cruelty of the traders

46. Holland and the East the Pacific wanted direct trade route
expelled the Portuguese in several places
Cape Town = South Africa supply base

47. England and the East East Indies traded alongside the Dutch India
seized control of the Persian Gulf
established the English East India Company

48. Eastern Response resented foreign interference China
several battles between Chinese and Portuguese
allowed city of Macao to be “rented”

49. Eastern Response Japan more friendly relations with Portuguese
limited trade with Dutch

50. nations acquiring wealth
mercantilism
nations acquiring wealth

51. individuals acquiring wealth
capitalism
individuals acquiring wealth

52. Commercial Revolution
mercantilism
dominate economic system
theory that newly-found wealth should benefit the mother country

53. Mercantilism
nation’s wealth and strength = measured by possession of gold and silver
goal = gain as much precious metal as possible

54. Mercantilism
colonies = for self-sufficient mother country and favorable balance of trade

55. Mercantilist view of colonies
provide raw materials and ports for goods
trade only with mother country
colony suffered; mother country benefited

56. Mercantilism weaknesses
created national monopolies that deterred competition
detrimental to nation’s agriculture and industry
hoarded wealth for the government

57. Commercial Revolution
capitalism
way of earning money by investment
goal was to advance wealth

58. individuals sharing expenses, gains, and losses
companies
individuals sharing expenses, gains, and losses

59. Joint-stock companies
individuals invest money
capital used to finance an endeavor
if a profit = then each investor gains
investor = personally liable; shares losses and gains

60. Joint-stock companies
English-East India Company = traded in India
Dutch East India Company = traded in the East Indies
French Company of New France = traded in Canada

61. details of a proposed business venture
prospectus
details of a proposed business venture

62. underwriters
signers who agree to accept costs, gains, and losses of a business venture