1. 1 Earth/Space Review 3.6B; 3.11A, C, D; 4.6A; 4.11A, B, C; 5.5A, B; 5.6A, B; 5.11A, B, C; 5.12A, B, C, D

2. 2 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers. Earthquakes can cause quick changes to the Earth’s surface. Earthquakes are caused by movements in the Earth’s crust that release energy and shake the ground.

3. 3 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers. Earthquakes most often take place along faults, which are cracks in the Earth’s crust. Fault (a crack in the Earth’s crust)

4. 4 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers. Earthquakes can cause— huge cracks in the ground landslides lots of destruction

5. 5 Glaciers are huge masses of ice that slide downhill very slowly. Glaciers form when large amounts of snow pile up and never melt. Glaciers only move a few centimeters a day. Glaciers usually form in valleys between mountains. 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers.

6. 6 As glaciers move slowly downhill, they scrape up and carry away pebbles, rocks, and even huge boulders (weathering and erosion). 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers.

7. 7 The sediments that glaciers pick up weather and erode more land as the glacier drags them along. 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers.

8. 8 The movements of glaciers can form u-shaped valleys between mountains. 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers.

9. 9 Volcanoes are mountains formed from lava and ash. During a volcanic eruptions, magma is forced up through weak areas of Earth’s crust.

10. 10 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers. When magma reaches the Earth’s surface, it is called lava. Volcanic eruptions can also throw out rocks, boulders, ash and hot gases.

11. 11 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers. Volcanoes on the ocean floor can create islands in the middle of the ocean over many millions of years.

12. 12 3.6B Identify that the surface of the Earth can be changed by forces such as earthquakes and glaciers. Answer questions 1-4 on your review sheet.

13. 13 3.11AIdentify and describe the importance of earth materials including rocks, soil, water, and gases of the atmosphere in the local area and classify them as renewable, nonrenewable, or inexhaustible resources. Renewable resources are resources that can be easily replaced or renewed within the span of a lifetime. Some examples of renewable resources are plants and animals. Plants include trees, forests, and crops grown for food. Plants and animals are replaced as they reproduce. Many renewable resources are necessary for sustaining life on the Earth.

14. 14 3.11AIdentify and describe the importance of earth materials including rocks, soil, water, and gases of the atmosphere in the local area and classify them as renewable, nonrenewable, or inexhaustible resources. Nonrenewable resources are resources that are used faster than they can be replaced. Petroleum, rocks, soil, natural gas and coal are all nonrenewable resources. Nonrenewable resources can be used up if we are not careful. Many nonrenewable resources as used for heating, cooling and for producing electric power. Others are used in the building of homes, roads, and transportation.

15. 15 3.11AIdentify and describe the importance of earth materials including rocks, soil, water, and gases of the atmosphere in the local area and classify them as renewable, nonrenewable, or inexhaustible resources. Resources that are always available are known as inexhaustible resources. Sunlight, air and wind are considered inexhaustible. Sunlight and wind can be used to make electricity.

16. 16 3.11C Identify the planets in our solar system and their position in relation to the sun. The sun is at the center of our solar system. The inner planets in order from the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer planets in order from the sun are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto is so small that it is now classified as a dwarf planet. Mercury Venus Sun Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

17. 17 3.11C Identify the planets in our solar system and their position in relation to the sun. The planets are not usually found in a straight line. They are in curved paths around the sun called orbits.

18. 18 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle. The sun is a star at the center of our solar system composed mostly of helium and hydrogen gases. The sun’s energy provides Earth with the light and heat needed to support life. Its energy influences Earth’s wind and weather. Energy from the sun also drives the water cycle on Earth.

19. 19 Like the Earth, the sun has layers. Nuclear reactions take place in the core. These reactions release huge amounts of energy and makes the core extremely hot (10-20 million degrees Celsius). The energy passes from the core through the other layers and then travels through space. 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle.

20. 20 The photosphere is the surface of the sun that we can see. In a solar eclipse, a red circle can be seen around the sun. This is the chromosphere. It is red because of all the hydrogen surrounding the sun. 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle.

21. 21 Sunspots are darker, cooler spots on the photosphere. The outermost layer of the sun is the corona. Solar flares are sparks of energy found in the corona above sunspots. Solar prominences are sheets of gas that condense out of the corona. 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle.

22. 22 Green plants need sunlight in order to grow and thrive. All of the energy plants need to produce their own food comes from the sun. 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle. Plants need water to grow. Sunlight is also very important.

23. 23 Air over land heats up and cools down more quickly than air over water. Warm air rises and cool air rushes in to fill the space. This creates wind. 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle.

24. 24 The sun heats the water in oceans and lakes, causing it to evaporate. The water vapor rises with warm air. When the water vapor cools, it condenses and forms clouds. 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle. When the water droplets in the clouds get heavy enough, they fall back to the Earth as precipitation. Water accumulates and the cycle starts again!

25. 25 3.11D Describe the characteristics of the sun. 4.11C Identify the sun as the major source of energy for the Earth and understand its role in the growth of plants, in the creation of winds, and in the water cycle. Answer questions 5-10 on your review sheet.

26. 26 4.6A Identify patterns of change such as in weather, metamorphosis and objects in the sky. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any given time. Weather includes air temperature, wind speed, humidity, and precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Changes in weather result from the movements of air masses. The leading edge of an air mass is called a front. Fronts can be classified as warm, cold, or stationary.

27. 27 4.6A Identify patterns of change such as in weather, metamorphosis and objects in the sky. A thunderstorm is a small, intense weather system. It brings strong winds, heavy rains, lightning, and thunder. They occur when warm, moist air encounters much cooler, dryer air. A hurricane is a large, low pressure system that spins. Hurricanes form over warm, tropical waters and reach wind speeds over 120 km/h. They can cause a great deal of damage when they move near or over land. A tornado is a violent, spinning column of air that moves in a narrow path over land. Tornadoes sometimes form in severe thunderstorms.

28. 28 4.11A Test properties of soils, including texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support life. Soil is a mixture of minerals and materials from decayed animals and plants. The composition of the soil depends on what kind of rock it was made from.

29. 29 4.11A Test properties of soils, including texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support life. The formation of soil begins when rock is weathered by wind, rain, and moving water. Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller and smaller pieces. As plants grow and die in the soil, their remains are broken down by bacteria and fungi, creating humus.

30. 30 4.11A Test properties of soils, including texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support life. Most of the water is retained in clay soil—very little water drains out. Soils with tiny particles, such as clay, have a very fine texture and retain water easily.Soils with tiny particles, such as clay, have a very fine texture and retain water easily. Many plants have a hard time getting the water they need if they are growing in soil with a lot of clay content.Many plants have a hard time getting the water they need if they are growing in soil with a lot of clay content.

31. 31 4.11A Test properties of soils, including texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support life. Some water is retained in loam, and some water drains through the soil. Other soils, such as loam and topsoil, have larger particles and a coarser texture.Other soils, such as loam and topsoil, have larger particles and a coarser texture. Most plants are able to grow well and get the water they need from soils containing loam.Most plants are able to grow well and get the water they need from soils containing loam.

32. 32 4.11A Test properties of soils, including texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support life. Most of the water is drains through sand—very little water is retained in the soil. Soils with very large particles, such as sand, have a rough texture with large spaces between the grains.Soils with very large particles, such as sand, have a rough texture with large spaces between the grains. Water drains right through sand.Water drains right through sand. Many plants have a hard time getting the water they need if they are growing in sandy soil.Many plants have a hard time getting the water they need if they are growing in sandy soil.

33. 33 4.11B Summarize the effects of oceans on land. Ocean waves can be gently lapping at a shoreline or pounding with great power. On sandy coasts, they can deposit sand to form beaches. Erosion due to the action of waves and hurricanes is a big problem on many Texas beaches.

34. 34 4.11B Summarize the effects of oceans on land. Oceans have the greatest effect on land in the area of climate. Water heats up and cools down much slower than land. Cities near oceans have a milder climate than nearby cities that are not close to the water.

35. 35 4.11B Summarize the effects of oceans on land. Answer questions 11-14 on your review sheet.

36. 36 5.5A Describe some cycles, structures and processes that are found in a simple system. 5.5B Describe some interactions that occur in a simple system. The solar system is an example of a system. Gravity holds the planets and moons in their orbits.

37. 37 5.5A Describe some cycles, structures and processes that are found in a simple system. 5.5B Describe some interactions that occur in a simple system. The earth rotates, or spins on its axis, once every 24 hours. This rotation is the reason we have day and night! The moon rotates on its axis at the same exact speed that it revolves around the Earth.

38. 38 Seasons are caused by the Earth’s tilt on its axis as it revolves around the sun. 5.5A Describe some cycles, structures and processes that are found in a simple system. 5.5B Describe some interactions that occur in a simple system.

39. 39 5.5A Describe some cycles, structures and processes that are found in a simple system. 5.5B Describe some interactions that occur in a simple system. Gravity from the moon causes tides on the Earth’s surface. On the Texas coast, there are two high tides and two low tides every day.

40. 40 5.5A Describe some cycles, structures and processes that are found in a simple system. 5.5B Describe some interactions that occur in a simple system. Answer questions 15-16 on the review sheet.

41. 41 5.6A Identify events and describe changes that occur on a regular basis such as in daily, weekly, lunar, and seasonal cycles. The reason for day and night is the rotation of the Earth. Earth rotates (SPINS) once on its axis every 24 hours. It is daylight on one side of the Earth, while the other side has night.

42. 42 5.6A Identify events and describe changes that occur on a regular basis such as in daily, weekly, lunar, and seasonal cycles. It takes 1 year or 365.25 days for the Earth to revolve (ORBIT) the sun. Earth’s movement around the sun is called its revolution. Since it takes the Earth 12 months (1 year, 365 days) to revolve around the sun, moving from Point A to Point B on the diagram would take 3 months (one- fourth of a year).

43. 43 5.6A Identify events and describe changes that occur on a regular basis such as in daily, weekly, lunar, and seasonal cycles. 4.6A Identify patterns of change such as in weather, metamorphosis, and objects in the sky. The moon has no light of its own. It simply reflects light from the sun. Since the moon is rotating on its axis AND revolving around the Earth, the part of the moon we see changes during each month.

44. 44 5.6A Identify events and describe changes that occur on a regular basis such as in daily, weekly, lunar, and seasonal cycles. 4.6A Identify patterns of change such as in weather, metamorphosis, and objects in the sky. The lunar cycle is the time it takes for the moon to revolve once around the Earth. To people on Earth, the moon appears to change shape during the month. These changes are called the moon’s phases.

45. 45 Complete questions 17-18 on the review sheet. 5.6A Identify events and describe changes that occur on a regular basis such as in daily, weekly, lunar, and seasonal cycles. 4.6A Identify patterns of change such as in weather, metamorphosis, and objects in the sky.

46. 46 The water cycle is the movement of water from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface and back to the atmosphere. The processes involved in the water cycle include evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. 5.6B Identify the significance of the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. evaporation, condensationprecipitation

47. 47 5.6B Identify the significance of the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. Water Cycle Click on the link above to see an animation of the water cycle.

48. 48 The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface and back to the atmosphere. 5.6B Identify the significance of the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. Carbon Cycle Click on the link above to see an animation of the carbon cycle.

49. 49 The nitrogen cycle is the changing of nitrogen in the air into substances that plants and animals can use. 5.6B Identify the significance of the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles.

50. 50 Answer questions 19- 21 on your review sheet! 5.6B Identify the significance of the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. Don’t let this happen to you!!!!

51. 51 5.11A Identify and observe actions that require time for changes to be measurable. Weathering is the breaking of rocks into smaller pieces called sediments. 5.12A Interpret how landforms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces. Freezing water Plant roots Friction and repeated impacts due to moving water and wind Burrowing of animals Changes in temperature

52. 52 5.11A Identify and observe actions that require time for changes to be measurable. Erosion is the movement of sediments by wind, moving water, moving ice, or gravity. 5.12A Interpret how landforms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces. Wind Water Moving ice (glaciers) Mass movements (landslides)

53. 53 5.11A Identify and observe actions that require time for changes to be measurable. Deposition is the dropping of sediments in new locations. 5.12A Interpret how landforms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces. Water (Deltas and Beaches) Glaciers Wind (Dunes)

54. 54 5.11A Identify and observe actions that require time for changes to be measurable. Answer questions 22-24 on the review sheet. 5.12A Interpret how landforms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces.

55. 55 5.11B Draw conclusions about “what happened before” using data such as from tree-growth rings and sedimentary rock sequences.

56. 56 5.11B Draw conclusions about “what happened before” using data such as from tree-growth rings and sedimentary rock sequences. Sedimentary rocks typically form in layers with the oldest layer on the bottom and the youngest on the top.

57. 57 5.11B Draw conclusions about “what happened before” using data such as from tree-growth rings and sedimentary rock sequences. What might have caused the layers of rock to look like they do in the picture to the left?

58. 58 5.11B Draw conclusions about “what happened before” using data such as from tree-growth rings and sedimentary rock sequences. Answer questions 25 and 26 on your review sheet.

59. 59 5.11C Identify past events that led to the formation of the Earth’s renewable, nonrenewable and inexhaustible resources. How Coal Formed Over Millions of Year

60. 60 5.11C Identify past events that led to the formation of the Earth’s renewable, nonrenewable and inexhaustible resources. How Petroleum and Natural Gas Formed Over Millions of Year

61. 61 5.11C Identify past events that led to the formation of the Earth’s renewable, nonrenewable and inexhaustible resources. Answer questions 27-28 on your review sheet.

62. 62 5.12C Identify the physical characteristics of the Earth and compare them to the physical characteristics of the moon. The Earth The Moon About ¾ of the surface is covered with water. Surrounded by an atmosphere of gases No liquid water found on the moon’s surface. Little or no atmosphere on the surface

63. 63 5.12C Identify the physical characteristics of the Earth and compare them to the physical characteristics of the moon. The Earth The Moon Diameter: 12,756 km Shape: sphere Surface: few craters, rocky mountains, plains, valleys Active volcanoes Rotation: 24 hours Revolution: about 365 days Diameter: 3,475 km Shape: sphere Surface: lots of craters, rocky mountains, plains, valleys Inactive volcanoes Rotation: about 28 days Revolution: about 28 days

64. 64 5.12C Identify the physical characteristics of the Earth and compare them to the physical characteristics of the moon. Answer questions 29-36 on the review sheet.

65. 65 Answer Key: 1.A mountain 2.C An earthquake shaking the ground 3.B As lava erupts from volcanoes on the ocean floor, it cools, hardens, and becomes new land. 4.glacier 5.wind; water cycle 6.Hydrogen and helium 7.sun 8.Star; center 9.Mercury; Venus; Earth; Mars; Jupiter; Saturn; Neptune; Uranus

66. 66 Answer Key: 10.D orbit the sun 11.C An air mass 12.D Ocean waves pound shorelines with great power, removing sand and causing erosion. 13.Tides are caused by the pull of the moon’s gravity on the ocean waters. 14.C Warm, damp soils with a lot of loam 15.Seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth on its axis as it revolves around the sun. 16.365 days; 1 year 17.If you were in Alaska, it would be night because the sun is shining on the opposite of the Earth.

67. 67 Answer Key: 18.A 19.A The water cycle 20.C Oxygen 21.A 24 hours; 1 day B 365 days; 1 year C About 28 days (27-29) D About 28 days (27-29) 22.A Deposition 23.B Erosion 24.Weathering is the breaking up of rocks and rock formations.

68. 68 Answer Key: 25.D 26.B Layer 3 27.B These nonrenewable resources formed deep in the Earth from decaying plants and animals. 28.A Weathering of rocks and minerals 29.False 30.False 31.True 32.False 33.True 34.True 35.True 36.True