1. Periodic Trends: FAMILIES

2. Alkali Metals
(Group 1)
- do not occur elementally in nature - stored under kerosene or other
hydrocarbon solvent because they react
with water vapor or oxygen in air
 - form water-soluble bases - are strong reducing agents - are good conductors of electricity and
heat - are ductile, malleable, and soft enough to
be cut with a knife - have a silvery luster, low density, and a
low melting point

3. Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
- do not occur elementally in nature - occur most commonly as carbonates,
phosphates, silicates, and sulfates - occur naturally as compounds that are
either insoluble or only slightly soluble
in water - are less reactive than alkali metals - primarily form ionic compounds - react w/water to form bases and
hydrogen gas - are good conductors of heat and
electricity - are ductile and malleable - have a silvery luster - include the naturally radioactive element
radium

4. Transition Metals (Groups 3-12)
are usually harder and more brittle than
metals in groups 1 and 2 - have higher melting and boiling points
than metals in groups 1 and 2 - are good conductors of heat and electricity - are malleable and ductile - have a silvery luster, except copper and
gold - include radioactive elements 89 through
include mercury, the only metal that is
liquid at room temperature - have chemical properties that tend to
differ from each other - often form colored compounds

5. Boron Family
(Group 13)
- do not occur elementally in nature - are scarce in nature (except Al, which
is the most abundant metallic element) - are metallic (except B, which is a solid
metalloid) - are soft and have low melting points
(except B, which is hard & has a high
melting point) - are chemically reactive at moderate
temperatures (except boron)

6. Carbon Family (Group 14) vary greatly in both physical and
chemical properties - occur in nature in both combined
and elemental forms - are relatively unreactive - tend to form covalent compounds
(tin and lead also form ionic
compounds)

7. Nitrogen Family (Group 15) consists of two nonmetals (N and
P), two metalloids (As and Sb),
and one metal (Bi) - nitrogen is most commonly found
as atmospheric N2, phosphorus as
phosphate rock, and arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth as sulfides
or oxides; antimony and bismuth
are also found elementally - have five valence electrons - tend to form covalent
compounds, most commonly with
oxidation numbers of +3 or are solids at room temperature,
except nitrogen

8. Oxygen Family (Group 15) occur elementally in nature and
in combined states - consists of three nonmetals
(oxygen, sulfur, and selenium),
one metalloid (tellurium), and
one metal (polonium) - tend to form covalent
compounds with other
elements - tend to exist as diatomic and
polyatomic molecules, such as
O2, O3, S6, S8, and Se8

9. Halogen Family (Group 17)
are nonmetals and occur in
combined form in nature - found in the rocks of Earth's
crust and dissolved in sea water - exist at room temperature as a
gas (F2 and Cl2), a liquid (Br2),
and a solid (I2 and At) - have seven valence electrons - are reactive, with fluorine being
the most reactive of all
nonmetals

10. Noble Gases not reactive - have a full outer energy
(Group 18)
not reactive - have a full outer energy
level - are all gases - are all nonmetals