1. Reconstruction of the railway system in Kosovo
Author:
Lieutenant Colonel Richard H. Brown
Tsuyoshi Takayanagi
Department of Civil Engineering
Tokyo Institute of Technology

2. Contents History Fragmentation (FRY) Railway Network Damage
Reconstruction
Civilian Railway Organization
Bringing the railway back to life
Conclusions

3. History
In 1980, The death of Tito connect to fragmentation of Yugoslavia Federation
President Milosevic's rise take away Kosovo’s autonomy and forced policy of Serb initiatives
Conflict occurred between Yugoslavia and Kosovo
NATO force bombed Yugoslavia to stop conflict in Kosovo in 1999.

4. Fragmentation (FRY) Before 1991 2001
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
SERBIA
Kosovo
Republic of Montenegro
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vojvodina
Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina independent from FRY

5. Railway Network
Kosovo’s local economy was depend on its industry (zinc, silver, gold)
SERBIA
Mitrovica
Rail system was essential for many people who could not afford cars
Pristina
Pec
Kosovo Polje
There are routes north, south, east and west from Kosovo Polje, serving the provincial towns Mitrovica, such as Ferizaj, Podujevo and Pec.
Ferizaj
But this real system was controlled from Yugoslavia and suffer some limitations
MACEDONIA

6. Railway Network
Cut connection between the route from the south and the route to the west at Kosovo Polje by Serbia
apparently intended by Serbs to frustrate
movement of freight between Albanian towns in Kosovo

7. Damage
Damage was mainly focused on stations and the signaling system in Albanian
There was some damage to track system
Heavy damage was inflicted by NATO’s bombing, such as bridges and tunnels
Train was used to transfer Kosovo refugees

8. Reconstruction NATO force took a control of railway system
Commandeered the only three remaining operative locomotives.
The engineers set about repairing intermittent track damage
The Italian engineers brought rapid-repair construction train

9. Civilian Railway Organization
There are two problems in Kosovo’s rail system
Kosovo’s rail system was mono-ethnic state
(it became target of terror)
Kosovo was to be responsible for the management of all public enterprises, but ownership of their facilities was retained by Yugoslavia.
A present of multi-ethnic train was difficulty , but it was presented fortuitously
The U.N. mission in Kosovo set up ‘Railways of Kosovo’ as a U.N. administered enterprise

10. Civilian Railway Organization
The UNMIK designed a new organizational structure for the railways (it was not easy)
The enforced lack of training and management experience suffered by Albanians　→ unfair employment
The ethnic railway employment ratio
50% Serbs and 50% Albanians
The ethnic population ratio
10% Serbs and 90% Albanians
By 1999
Compromise plan to solve this problem was not agreed
Enterprises had capitulated to majority momentum and held 　　no posts for those from minority groups.

11. Bringing the railway back to life
The new railway organization was created with an objective of eventually taking over full
By Reestablishment of railway, Kosovo has connection for military and industry
Physical reconstruction is one thing, a workable organizational transition plan is quite
It is very important to operate railway network effectively.

12. Conclusions
Railways act as ‘connectors’ both physically and emotionally, in society.
Reestablishment brings hope that divided communities may gradually heal their wounds.
The civilian and the military had to work alongside each other and fully cooperate to be effective.
Holistic strategic assessment has been important.

13. END