1. Geospatial Data Preservation Challenges at the Sub-National Level: The North Carolina Experience Steve Morris Head of Digital Library Initiatives North Carolina State University Libraries Cambridge ConferenceJuly 18, 2007

2. 2 Outline Project background Targeted geospatial content Risks to data Value in older data Challenges (Technical and organizational) Solutions (?) Next steps

3. 3 NC Geospatial Data Archiving Project Partnership between university library (NCSU) and NC Center for Geographic Information & Analysis Part of the Library of Congress National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) Focus on state and local geospatial content in North Carolina (state demonstration) Tied to NC OneMap initiative, which provides for seamless access to data, metadata, and inventories Objective: engage existing state/federal geospatial data infrastructures in preservation Serve as catalyst for discussion within industry

4. 4 NCGDAP Goals Repository Goal Capture at-risk data Explore technical and organizational challenges Project End Goal Data Producers: Improved temporal data management practices Archives: More efficient means of acquiring and preserving data; Progress towards best practices Temporal data management vs. long-term preservation

5. 5 96 of 100 North Carolina Counties have GIS systems as do many municipalities Over 30 state agency data producers Collection Focus: State and Local Government Geospatial Data Exceptional value –Detailed, current, accurate Exceptional risk –Inconsistent or nonexistent archiving practices –Complicated formats and complex objects Source: NC OneMap

6. Carrboro, NC : Population 17,797 (2005 est.) 22 downloadable GIS data layers 3 OGC WMS services (web services) 10 web mapping applications 9 downloadable PDF map layers

7. 7 NCGDAP Data Types – Vector GIS Cadastral (tax parcels) Street centerlines Zoning Topographic contours School, sheriff, fire Voting precincts More … County, municipal, state Detailed, accurate, current Frequently updated

8. 8 NCGDAP Data Types – Digital Orthophotography All 100 NC counties with orthos 1-5 flight years per county 30-300 gb per flight

9. Note: Percentages based on the actual number of respondents to each question 9 GIS Software Software project file (.mxd,.apr, …) Data layer file (.avl,.lyr, …) PDF map exports Web Services-based representations NCGDAP Data Types – Cartographic

10. Note: Percentages based on the actual number of respondents to each question 10 Mobile, LBS, and, social networking applications Long-term cultural heritage value in non-overhead imagery: more descriptive of place and function Oblique Imagery Road Videologs Tax Dept. Photos Street View Images Other Data Types – Place-based Data

11. 11 Digital Preservation Points of Failure Data is not saved, or … can’t be found, or … media is obsolete, or … media is corrupt, or … format is obsolete, or … file is corrupt, or … meaning is lost Solutions: MigrationEmulation EncapsulationXML

12. 12 Risks to Geospatial Data Producer focus on current data Data overwrite as common practice Future support of data formats in question No open, supported format for vector data Shift to web services-based access Data becoming more ephemeral Inadequate or nonexistent metadata Impedes discovery and use Increasing use of spatial databases for data management The whole is greater than the sum of the parts

13. 13 Value in Older Data: Solving Business Problems Suburban Development 1993/2002 Near Mecklenburg-Cabarrus County border Land use change analysis Real estate trends analysis Site location analysis Disaster response Resolution of legal challengesImpervious surface maps

14. 14 Value in Older Data: Cultural Heritage Future uses of data are difficult to anticipate (as with Sanborn Maps)

15. 15 Challenge: Vector Data Formats No widely-supported, open vector formats for geospatial data Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) not widely supported Geography Markup Language (GML) – diversity of application schemas and profiles a challenge for “permanent access” Spatial Databases The whole is more than the sum of the parts, and the whole is very difficult to preserve Can export individual data layers for curation, but relationships and context are lost Some thinking of using the spatial database as the primary archival platform

16. 16 Challenge: Cartographic Representation Counterpart to the map is not just the dataset but also models, symbolization, classification, annotation, etc.

17. 17 Challenge: Geospatial Web Services How to capture records from decision- making processes? Possible: Atlas collections from automated image capture Web 2.0 impact: Emerging tiling and caching schemes (archive target?)

18. 18 Challenge: Preservation Metadata Results from a 2006 survey of all 100 NC counties and 25 largest NC municipalities

19. 19 Challenge: Data Capture Response: yes = 65.3%, no = 34.7%* (out of 57.6% response rate) 2006 Frequency of Capture Survey targeting North Carolina counties and municipalities

20. 20 Data Capture Survey Results: Overview Two-thirds of responding agencies create and retain periodic snapshots Long-term retention more common in counties with larger populations Storage environments vary, with servers and CD- ROMs most common Offsite storage (or both onsite and offsite) is used by nearly half of the respondents Popularity of historic images has resulted in scanning and geo-referencing of hardcopy aerial photos among one-third of the respondents

21. 21 Solutions: Content Exchange Infrastructure Volume of state/federal requests for local data (“contact fatigue”) spurs rethinking of archive strategy for data acquisition Leveraging more compelling business reasons to put the data in motion (disaster preparedness, highway construction, census, …) Content exchange networks: Minimize need to make contact Add technical, administrative, descriptive metadata Establish rights and provenance

22. 22 Informing and Leveraging Other Infrastructure Orthophoto Data Distribution System Efficient transfer of large quantities of imagery Street Centerline Data Distribution System Efficient transfer of data from 100 counties, with metadata and clarified rights NC GIS Inventory Efficient data identification Adding preservation elements NC OneMap Data Download and Viewer Public access Data visualization

23. 23 Partnered with EDINA (UK) and NARA to approach the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) in 2005-2006 Working Group charter approved by OGC Technical Committee plenary Dec. 2006 Solutions: Engaging Standards Efforts

24. 24 GML for archiving Geo Rights Management – adding archive use cases Content packaging Saving data state in web services Interactions Content replication (OGC/Open Grid Forum talks) Persistent identifiers Data versioning (metadata and catalog support) Cartographic representation Points of Engagement with the OGC Cross-fertilize between library/archives and geospatial communities

25. 25 Project Status Cultivating a commercial market for older data. Part of “permanent access” is marketing, advertising, and putting older data into the path of the user Role of Commercial Data Providers

26. 26 Software vendors are more keenly aware of temporal data management as a customer problem Consulting firms increasingly see temporal data management and archiving as a business opportunity Innovative practices emerging at local and state level to complement and inform national level activities Signs of Hope Viral adoption of archiving practices vs. mandated archiving practices: which will have more effect?

27. 27 Technical Refining repository ingest workflow (currently using DSpace) Further investigation into use of METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard) and PREMIS (Preservation Metadata Standard) Content exchange tests with other organizations Organizational OGC Data Preservation Working Group Engaging State Archives: Local records outreach and records retention practices Work towards formulating best practices for data capture practices for local agencies Content exchange networks Next Steps

28. 28 Questions? Steve Morris Head, Digital Library Initiatives NCSU Libraries ph: (919) 515-1361 Steven_Morris@ncsu.edu http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/ncgdap

29. Note: Percentages based on the actual number of respondents to each question 29