1. Searches on neutrino physics with cryogenic detectors Ettore Fiorini, Columbia, May 16, 2008 The birth of the neutrino

2. Named Neutrino by Enrico Fermi => first properties of weak interactrions e np G F (Fermi constant)

4. The cryogenic or thermal detectors

5. First ideas 1884 => Langley => resistive bolometers for infrrared from SUN 1905 => Curie et Laborde => calorimetric measurement of radioactivity 1927 => Ellis and Wuster => heat less then expected => the neutrino 1935 => Simon => sensitivity enhanced by lowering the temperature 1983 => T.Niinikoski observe pulses in resistors due to cosmic ray => McCammon et al (NASA-Wisconsin) Low temperature detectors for astrophysics and neutrino mass measurements 1984 => Fiorini and Niinikoski Low temperature detectors for rare events

7. Incident particle absorber crystal Thermal sensor Excellent resolution <1 eV ~ 2eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV

9. Absorber + various types of thermometer : => thermistor => transition edge sensor (TES) => superconducting tunnel junctions (STJ) => magnetic sensor Other thermal detectors: STJ’s => Grains superconducting grains kept in metastable state when heated by an incoming particle they become “normal” with a consequente change of magnetic field, detectable by squid => liquid 3 He or 4 He

10. Energy resolution of a TeO 2 crystal of 5x5x5 cm 3 (~ 760 g ) 0.8 keV FWHM @ 46 keV 1.4 keV FWHM @ 0.351 MeV 2.1 keV FWHM @ 0.911 MeV 2.6 keV FWHM @ 2.615 MeV 3.2 keV FWHM @ 5.407 MeV (the best a spectrometer so far Energy [keV] Counts 210 Po  line

11. Orpheus 0.45 kg of granules 70 m.w.e for Dark Matter detection Bern Considered also for double beta decay (A.Morales)

12. Hybrid detectors (so far only for Dark Matter ) => heat + ionization or heat + scintillation

13. The scintillating bolometer Proved for CaF 2 and CdWO 4 being studied for TeO 2

14. Tiny effect -> Measurement (or limit ) on neutrino mass by single beta decay For Neutrino Physics

15. Katrin 3 H => 3 He + e - +  e m KATRIN < 2.2 eV

16. With thermal detectors 187 Re => 187 Os + e - + - e Manu (Genova) with metallic Rhenium Mibeta (Milano) con AgReO 4 => MARE

19. A new fact in Nuclear Physics => Beta Environmenthal Fine Structure (BEFS) 187 Re => 187 Os + e - + ˉ e  E = 2.5 keV

20. Metallic Rhenium

21. AgReO 4 Determination of the P/S ratio

22. e - + 163 Ho => 163 Os + e also for the study of neutrino mass 113 Cd => 113 I + e - + ˉ e  1/2 = (9+1) x 1015 y e - + 123 Te => 123 Sb + e  1/2 > 1015 y e - + 7 Be => 7 Li + e => for solar neutrino e - + 71 Ga => 71 Ge + e => for solar neutrino Discovery for the first time of 209 Bi => 204 Tl +  Other applications in Neutrino Physics

23. Double beta decay

24. Dirac Majorana =>1937 RIGHT LEFT : :

25. 1. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e - + 2 e ¯ 2. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e - +  ( …2,3  3. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e -

27. Experimental approach Direct experiments Source  detector Source = detector (calorimetric) Geochemical experiments 82 Se = > 82 Kr, 96 Zr = > 96 Mo, 128 Te = > 128 Xe (non confirmed), 130 Te = > 130 Te Radiochemical experiments 238 U = > 238 Pu (non confirmed) e-e- e-e-

28. NucleusExperiment%Q  EnrTechnique  0  y  <m ) 48 CaElegant IV0.194271scintillator>1.4x10 22 7-45 76 GeHeidelberg- Moscow 7.8203987ionization>1.9x10 25.12 - 1 76 GeIGEX7.8203987Ionization>1.6x10 25.14 – 1.2 76 GeKlapdor et al 7.8203987ionization1.2x10 25.44 82 SeNEMO 39.2299597tracking>1.x10 23 1.8-4.9 100 MoNEMO 39.6303495- 99 tracking>4.6x10 23.7-2.8 116 CdSolotvina7.5303483scintillator>1.7x10 23 1.7 - ? 128 TeBernatovitz342529geochem >7.7  10 24.1-4 130 TeCuoricino33.82529bolometric>3.1x10 24.16-.84 136 XeDAMA8.9247669scintillator>1.2x10 24 1.1 -2.9 150 NdIrvine5.6336791tracking>1.2x10 21 3 - ? Present situation

29. MOON CUORE NEMO MAJORANA GERDA EXO CUORICINO 2 P 1/2 4 D 3/2 2 S 1/2 493 nm 650 nm metastable47s SNO++ CUORE

30. Increase of the bolometer mass

31. CUORICINO Operations carried out In a clean room Operations carried out In a clean room

34. 11 modules, 4 detector each, crystal dimension 5x5x5 cm 3 crystal mass 790 g 4 x 11 x 0.79 = 34.76 kg of TeO 2 2 modules, 9 detector each, crystal dimension 3x3x6 cm 3 crystal mass 330 g 9 x 2 x 0.33 = 5.94 kg of TeO 2 Search for the 2  | o in 130 Te (Q=2529 keV) and other rare events At Hall A in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) 18 crystals 3x3x6 cm3 + 44 crystals 5x5x5 cm3 = 40.7 kg of TeO2 Operation started in the beginning of 2003 => ~ 4 months Background.18±.01 c /kev/ kg/ a T 1/2 0 ( 130 Te) > 3.1 x 10 24 y.16 -.84 eV Klapdor 0.1 – 0.9

35. Without indetermination on  E 11.83 kg 130 Te x year =>  ½ lower than 3 x 10 24 years at 90% c.l. 15.53 kg 130 Te x year =>  ½ lower than 3.1 x 10 24 years at 90% c.l. With indetermination on DE 11.83 kg 130Te x year =>  ½ lower than 2.9 x 10 24 years at 90% c.l. 15.53 kg 130Te x year =>  ½ lower than 3.1 x 10 24 years at 90% c.l. m < 200-680 meV (V.A Rodin et al ( after the Erratum) and O.Civitarese and J.Suhonen ) Klapdor et al 200-1000 meV

36. Cosmological disfavoured region (WMAP) Direct hierarchy  m 2 12 =  m 2 sol Inverse hierarchy  m 2 12 =  m 2 atm “quasi” degeneracy m 1  m 2  m 3 With the same matrix elements the Cuoricino limit is 0.53 eV Present Cuoricino region Possible evidence (best value 0.39 eV) Feruglio F., Strumia A., Vissani F. hep-ph/0201291 Arnaboldi et al., submitted to PRL, hep-ex/0501034 (2005).

38. CUORICINO Presently running, but its destiny connected with radioactivity measurements and CUORE0 Data up to September 2007 => 11.83 to 15.53kg 130 Te x year New analysis taking into account the error on the transition energy 2 national laboratories and 7 Universities 2 universities in Europe 2 national laboratories and 5 Universities in USA SICCAS and SINAP in Cina Plan approved by DOE CUORICINO and CUORE

39. The Hut Design completed of the structure to house CUORE Construction began end of 2007 In 2008 funds available for the Hut To be completed end of 2008 External shield and polyetylene ready end of 2008 The cryostat CUORE cryostat design completed Shield by > 30 cm Pb everywhere External shield and polyetylene ready end of 2008 Only radiofree materials inside Cryogen-free => pulse tube. Now tested in Milan

40. Carlo BucciCUORE Meeting, LNGS, 4-6 February 2008Evolution Step 8: Steel Work Completion 31 March 2008 Step 8: Steel Work Completion 31 March 2008

42. 12 source wires shown by white dots In the simulation, the sources are wires inside a teflon coating, inside a copper guide tube (  ’s do not escape) Previous study showed external sources should have twice the strength of the internal sources Need to run additional simulations with external sources outside the HEX cryostat Routine calibration with radioactive sources

43. Plasma UHV Present small plasma apparatus

44. The crystals

46. A toast by Fred Reines at Neutrino 1972 Here’s to Wolfang Pauli who made a funny joke, Here’s to great Enrico who then of weakness spoke, Here’s to all those present to celebrate the fruits of the patient workers who followed these astutes Here’s to the proposition that we will meet again and here’s to the found hope the Sun will shine since then.