1. CHAPTER 2 PART #3 C++ INPUT / OUTPUT 1 st Semester 1436 King Saud University College of Applied studies and Community Service CSC1101 By: Fatimah Alakeel

2. Outline  Input / Output Operations  Using iostream  Output Stream  Input Stream  Common Programming Errors 2 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

3. Input/Output Operations  Input operation  an instruction that copies data from an input device into memory.  Input Stream: A stream ( numbers, characters, strings..etc) that flows from an input device ( i.e.: keyboard, disk drive, network connection) to main memory.  Output operation  an instruction that displays information stored in memory to the output devices (such as the monitor)  Output Stream: A stream that flows from main memory to an output device ( i.e.: screen, printer, disk drive, network connection) 3 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

4. Using iostream  The C++ iostream library provides hundreds of I/O capabilities.  Standard iostream objects: cout - object providing a connection to the monitor cin - object providing a connection to the keyboard  To perform input and output we send messages to one of these objects 2/17/2012 4 Fatimah Alakeel

5. Output Stream 5 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

6. The Insertion Operator (<<)  To send output to the screen we use the insertion operator on the object cout  Format: cout << Expression;  The compiler figures out the type of the object and prints it out appropriately cout << 5; // Outputs 5 cout << 4.1; // Outputs 4.1 cout << “String”; // Outputs String cout << ‘\n’; // Outputs a newline 2/17/2012 6 Fatimah Alakeel

7. Stream-Insertion Operator  << is overloaded to output built-in types ( ex. int, float,…etc)  Can also be used to output user-defined types (i.e. user defined classes).  cout << ‘\n’; Prints newline character  cout << endl; endl is a stream manipulator that issues a newline character and flushes the output buffer  cout << flush; flush flushes the output buffer 2/17/2012 7 Fatimah Alakeel a buffer is just a pre-allocated area of memory where you store your data while you're processing it.

8. Cascading Stream-Insertion Operators  << : Associates from left to right, and returns a reference to its left-operand object (i.e. cout ).  This enables cascading cout << "How" << " are" << " you?"; Make sure to use parenthesis: cout << "1 + 2 = " << (1 + 2); NOT cout << "1 + 2 = " << 1 + 2; 2/17/2012 8 Fatimah Alakeel

9. Printing Variables 9  cout << someVariable; cout knows the type of data to output  Must not confuse printing text with printing variables:  int x =12;  cout << x; // prints 12  cout << “x”; // prints x 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

10. Formatting Stream Output  Performs formatted and unformatted output I. Output of numbers in decimal, octal and hexadecimal using manipulators. II. Display numbers on different width, filling spaces with characters III. Varying precision for floating points IV. Formatted text outputs 2/17/2012 10 Fatimah Alakeel

11. I. Manipulators  C++ manipulators  C++ provides various stream manipulators that perform formatting tasks.  Manipulators are functions specifically designed to be used in conjunction with the insertion ( >) operators on stream objects.  must include iomanip to use  several are provided to do useful things  you can also create your own 2/17/2012 11 Fatimah Alakeel

12. Output Manipulators (no args) Manipulators included like arguments in extraction endl - outputs a new line character, flushes output dec - sets int output to decimal hex - sets int output to hexadecimal oct - sets int output to octal Example: #include using namespace std; int x = 20; cout << x<<“ in hexadecimal is: “<<hex << x << endl; cout << x<<“ in octal is: ”<< oct << x << endl; cout << x<<“ in decimal is: ”<<dec << x << endl; 2/17/2012 12 Fatimah Alakeel

13. II. Setting the Width  You can use the width(int) function to set the width for printing a value, but it only works for the next insertion command (more on this later): int x = 42; cout.width(5); cout << x << ‘\n’; // Outputs 42 OR cout << setw (10); cout << 77 << endl; // prints 77 on 10 places 2/17/2012 13 Fatimah Alakeel

14. II. Setting the Fill Character Use the fill(char) function to set the fill character. The character remains as the fill character until set again. int x = 42; cout.width(5); cout.fill(‘*’); cout << x << ‘\n’; // Outputs ***42 OR cout << setfill ('x') << setw (10); cout << 77 << endl; // prints xxxxxxxx77 2/17/2012 14 Fatimah Alakeel

15. III. Significant Digits in Float Use function precision(int) to set the number of significant digits (the number of digits to the right of the decimal point) printed (when the float number is in the fixed point format): A call to this function sets the precision for all subsequent output operations until the next precision. float y = 12.32; cout<<fixed; //Specify that the value is in fixed-point notation cout.precision(1); cout << y << '\n'; // Outputs 12.3 cout.precision(2); cout << y << '\n'; // Outputs 12.32 cout.precision(3); cout << y << '\n'; // Outputs 12.320 2/17/2012 15 Fatimah Alakeel

16. III. Significant Digits in Float If the fixed point format is not specified, the precision field specifies the maximum number of digits to be displayed in total counting both those before and those after the decimal point. (may convert from fixed to scientific to print): float y = 23.1415; cout.precision(1); cout << y << '\n'; // Outputs 2e+01 cout.precision(2); cout << y << '\n'; // Outputs 23 cout.precision(3); cout << y << '\n'; // Outputs 23.1 2/17/2012 16 Fatimah Alakeel

17. Using showpoint/noshowpoint 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel 17  showpoint specify that floating-point numbers (even for whole numbers) should be output with a decimal point, even if they’re zeros. Following the decimal point, as many digits as necessary are written to match the precision.  This setting is reset with stream manipulator noshowpoint.  When the showpoint manipulator is not set, the decimal point is only written for non-whole numbers.

18. Using showpoint/noshowpoint #include using namespace std; int main () { double a, b, pi; a=30.0; b=10000.0; pi=3.14165; cout.precision (5); cout << showpoint << a << '\t' << b << '\t' << pi << endl; cout << noshowpoint << a << '\t' << b << '\t' << pi << endl; return 0; } 2/17/2012 18 Fatimah Alakeel 30.000 10000. 3.1416 30 10000 3.1416 30.000 10000. 3.1416 30 10000 3.1416

19. IV. Formatting Text 19  To print text you need to include “” around the text  Cout <<“This is a Beautiful Day” ;  You can add escape sequence for further options. 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

20. Escape Sequence 20 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

21. Examples cout<<"Please enter the student's grades:”; Please enter the student's grades: cout<<"The class average is “<< average; The class average is 95.5 cout<<“The total area is “<< area<< “and the total cost is “<< cost << “ S.R.”; The total area is 60.2 and the total cost is 4530 S.R. Cout<<"The student received an ”<< grade << “ grade in the course."; The student received an A grade in the course. 21 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel Average = 95.5 area = 60.2 cost = 4530 grade = ‘A’

22. Examples (Con.) Cout<<”The grade is << grade << gradesymb; The grade is A+ Cout<<"I am the first line\n”; Cout<<“\n I am the second line\n"; I am the first line I am the second line 22 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel grade = ‘A’ gradesymb = ‘+’

23. Input Stream 23 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

24. The Extraction Operator (>>)  To get input from the keyboard we use the extraction operator and the object cin  Format: cin >> Variable;  The compiler figures out the type of the variable and reads in the appropriate type int X; float Y; cin >> X; // Reads in an integer cin >> Y; // Reads in a float 2/17/2012 24 Fatimah Alakeel

25. Syntax 25 cin >> someVariable ; cin knows what type of data is to be assigned to someVariable (based on the type of someVariable ). 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

26. Stream Input  >> (stream-extraction)  Used to perform stream input  Normally ignores whitespaces (spaces, tabs, newlines) in the input stream.  Returns zero ( false ) when EOF is encountered, otherwise returns reference to the object from which it was invoked (i.e. cin ) This enables cascaded input cin >> x >> y; 2/17/2012 26 Fatimah Alakeel

27. Stream Input  cin inputs ints, chars, null-terminated strings, string objects  but terminates when encounters space (ASCII character 32) ‏  workaround? use the “get” method [ will see that later] 2/17/2012 27 Fatimah Alakeel

28. Chaining Calls  Multiple uses of the insertion and extraction operator can be chained together: cout << E1 << E2 << E3 << … ; cin >> V1 >> V2 >> V3 >> …;  Equivalent to performing the set of insertion or extraction operators one at a time  Example cout << “Total sales are $” << sales << ‘\n’; cin >> Sales1 >> Sales2 >> Sales3; 2/17/2012 28 Fatimah Alakeel

29. Extraction/Insertion Example cout << “Hello world! ”; int i=5; cout << “The value of i is “ << i << endl;OUTPUT: Hello World! The value of i is 5 //endl puts a new line Char letter; cout << “Please enter the first letter of your name: “; cin >> letter; cout<< “Your name starts with “ << letter;OUTPUT: Please enter the first letter of your name: F Your name starts with F 2/17/2012 29 Fatimah Alakeel

30. Common Programming Errors 30 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

31. Common Programming Errors  Debugging  Process removing errors from a program  Three (3) kinds of errors :  Syntax Error a violation of the C++ grammar rules, detected during program translation (compilation). statement cannot be translated and program cannot be executed 31 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

32. Common Programming Errors cont…  Run-time errors An attempt to perform an invalid operation, detected during program execution. Occurs when the program directs the computer to perform an illegal operation, such as dividing a number by zero. The computer will stop executing the program, and displays a diagnostic message indicates the line where the error was detected 32 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel

33. Common Programming Errors cont…  Logic Error/Design Error An error caused by following an incorrect algorithm Very difficult to detect - it does not cause run-time error and does not display message errors. The only sign of logic error – incorrect program output Can be detected by testing the program thoroughly, comparing its output to calculated results To prevent – carefully desk checking the algorithm and written program before you actually type it 33 2/17/2012Fatimah Alakeel