1. Questioned Documents

2. Questioned Document Examination Purpose: to ascertain  Source or  Authenticity NOT personality = Graphology = junk science Although linguists can determine authenticity based on writing style, or regional differences based on grammar.

3. Importance Most crimes involve paper. E.g.,  Ransom notes in kidnapping  Forged signature on a check  Business Records in a drug operation  Receipt for get-away rental cars

4. Questioned Document Examination Document Examples  Letters  Checks  Licenses  Contracts  Wills  Passports  Art work  Historical Documents

5. Questioned Document Examination Investigations may include:  Verification of handwriting and signatures  Authentication of documents  Characterizing papers, pigments, and inks in writing instruments, typewriters, copy machines, etc.  Restoring erased and obliterated writing  Determining relative age of documents and inks

6. Questioned Document Examination Investigative Tools may include:  Stereomicroscope  Templates  Protractors  Grids  UV and IR Light sources

7. Five Basic Methods Used to Forge Documents 1.Freehand (no attempt to disguise own handwriting) 2.Tracing 3.Copying (attempt to look like original) 4.Mechanical Lifting 5.Optical or Printing Reproduction

8. Handwriting has both class and individual characteristics Class Characteristics From practicing from copy books when learning to write.

9. Handwriting has both class and individual characteristics 1.Line quality: Lines are smooth, free flowing and rhythmic (vs jittery, shakey); have free flow into and out or letters. 2.Spacing of words and letters 3.Ratio of relative height, width, and size of letters 4.Pen lifts and separations 5.Connecting strokes 6.Beginning and ending strokes

10. Handwriting has both class and individual characteristics 7.Unusual letter formation 8.Shading or pen pressure 9.Slant 10.Baseline habits 11.Flourishes or embellishments 12.Placement of diacritics

11. Look for individual characteristics