1. Chapter 13 Section 2

2.  Urbanization ◦ Growth of cities in Midwest and Northeast ◦ Why? 1)Farming more efficient (less jobs on farms) 2)African Americans move from South 3)Immigrants live in cities (cheapest & convenient)  By 1890 2x as many Irish in NYC than in Dublin, Ireland  By 1910 immigrants were more than half of total population in 18 major US cities  Ethnic communities develop in cities

4.  Housing issues ◦ Many middle class families left cities as a result of mass transit systems ◦ As a result, their old houses were often divided up for multiple families  Tenements  Airshafts filled with garbage  Drinking water ◦ Development of piped water and filtered water slow to come in larger cities ◦ Unclean water: cholera and typhoid fever

5.  Lack of Sanitation (spread disease) ◦ Sewage often in streets ◦ Smoke from factories unfiltered ◦ Garbage in streets  Fires Spread Easily ◦ Buildings made of wood ◦ Lighting by candles and kerosene in homes ◦ Frequent occurrences in large cities (1870s- 1880s)  1871: Great Chicago Fire ◦ Lack of fire departments till 1900

7. What new technologies helped people in the late 1800’s get to and from work?

8. Photo by Jacob Riis portraying tenements

9. Entitled “Children Sleeping in Mulberry Street” 1890

10. Entitled “A Cave Dwellar, One of 4 Peddlars Who Slept” 1890

12. Homeless Children, 1890

14. Living Conditions for women

15. Tenement housing from the outside view

16.  Americanization Movement ◦ Attempt to give immigrants opportunities such as classes in English to help them assimilate.  Social Gospel Movement ◦ Salvation through service to urban poor : Protestant ethics ◦ Later contributed to Progressive Movement in early 1900s

17. ◦ Inspired middle class women to get involved in community ◦ Basis: Believe that poverty and the lack of opportunity breed the problems of the ghetto. Ignorance, disease, and crime are the result of economic desperation and not the result of some flaw in moral character. ◦ First woman to win Nobel Peace Prize

18. Jane Addams 1860-1935 Hull House Chicago, Illinois Founded 1889

19. ◦ Settlement houses  Community centers in urban, slum areas  Toynbee Hall: London, England  Purpose: social responsibility taken for urban poor ◦ Hull House: Chicago  Paid for by her inheritance  One of first American settlement houses  Assisted many immigrants and brought attention to problems of urbanization  Offered dance, school, day-care, music, health services, etc.

22. Technologies that helped city dwellers