1. Inhibition Chris Jung Department of Integrative Physiology 09/23/08

2. Outline Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades –Hasegawa RP, Peterson BW, and Goldberg ME The role of inhibitory control in forgetting unwanted memories: A consideration of three methods. –Anderson MC In Opposition of Inhibition –MacLeod CM, Dodd MD, Sheard ED, Wilson DE, and Bibi U

3. Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades Hasegawa, R.P., Peterson, B.W., & Goldberg, M.E. (2004). Neuron, 43, 415-425. Introduction Methods Results Conclusions

4. Introduction Monkey and humans that do not avoid looking at something can be seen as socially offensive, unacceptable.

5. Introduction Eye fixation is an active process Two mechanisms have been proposed: –An inhibition of the saccadic system by the fixation system When fixation occurs, the threshold for evoking saccades increases by electrical stimulation from the frontal eye field (FEF) and the superior colliculus, which are apart of the fixation system –Some neurons of the FEF are activated if a stimulus is present to cancel the saccade such as in a “go/no go task”

6. Methods Caudal part of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Match/Non Match Task Figure 1

7. Look neurons –Enhanced response if the monkey knew a priori of a saccade target –10% of samples Sample Period: 3 Different Responses

8. Don’t look neurons –Enhanced response if the monkey knew a priori of a non- saccade target, or to avoid looking at the original stimulus –10% of sample Sample Period: 3 Different Responses

9. Pure visual neurons –No difference between tasks –80% of sample

10. Delay Period: 3 Different Responses Look neurons 53% –Greater activity if the stimulus was to saccade to the original sample stimulus Don’t look neurons 19% –Greater response if the stimulus was to not look where the sample stimulus was Memory neurons 28% –Responded equally to both stimuli –Believed to be working memory

11. The authors report to have located neurons that help to plan a behavior or suppress it, whether immediately or during the delay. Temporal progression –Neurons often switched functions during the different phases of the test Conclusions

12. The role of inhibitory control in forgetting unwanted memories: A consideration of three methods Anderson, M.C. (2005). In C. MacLeod & B. Uttl (Eds.) Dynamic Cognitive Processes (pp. 159-190). Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. Central claim Retrieval-induced forgetting Directed forgetting Conlusions

13. Central claim: Humans can control memory by overriding prepotent responses to unwanted memories Figure 1

14. Within-Category Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Study Figure 2

15. Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Inhibition or response competition theory of interference? Response competition theory of interference –Target will suffer because increased competition from the alternative response is strengthened –Practiced items become so strongly linked to the practice cue that they block other examples

16. Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Inhibition or response competition theory of interference? Inhibition –Recall specific Retrieval practice impairs the delayed recall of competing items –Cue independence Retrieval induced forgetting when novel cues are used

17. Directed Forgetting Roach--Ordeal

18. Directed Forgetting Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Lateral premotor cortex

19. Conclusions Controlled inhibition may be recruited for our goals, regardless if the goals are to forget (Flexible inhibition hypothesis) Can help to explain the directed forgetting and retrieval induced forgetting

20. In Opposition of Inhibition MacLeod, C. M., Dodd, M. D., Sheard, E. D., Wilson, D. E., & Bibi, U. (2003). In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 43 (pp. 163-214). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Problem Examples Proposed Solution

21. The Main Problem: “…the concept of inhibition at the cognitive level cannot derive directly from the concept of inhibition at the neural level.” The term “inhibition” is too flexible of a term

22. Negative Priming They report: –No conclusive evidence that inhibition can explain negative priming.

23. RED

24. GREEN

25. Automatic memory retrieval –If there is disagreement between the task at hand and a recent memory, this will take longer because you need to resolve the conflict

26. Inhibition of Return

28. –Past researchers have concluded that there is an inhibitory mechanism to look towards the area of a stimuli that was already presented Attentional Momentum Hypothesis –MacLeod et al. believe that attention can be more easily and faster oriented in a direction of a location in which it already has been rather than shifting to another location

29. Inhibition is too broad of a term The terms “interference”, “selective rehearsal” should be used instead depending on the task Inhibition has been labeled as below baseline performance. For a decrement in baseline performance, the term “cost” should be used. For an increment in baseline performance, the term “benefit” should be used.

30. Two mechanisms that are inhibition free: –Automatic memory retrieval If there is disagreement between the task at hand and a recent memory –Conflict resolution