1. Conceptual/Theoretical Frameworks Operational Frameworks Jack Elliot Professor and Head Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communications Texas A&M University

2. An operational

3. Texas Tech

4. Delineate among: Theoretical Frameworks Conceptual Frameworks Operational Frameworks

5. Framework A framework is a model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. (Sekaran, 2001) This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

6. Frameworks Limit scope of inquiry Convey research importance to audiences

7. Qualitative Learn from the participants Framework locations Orientation – chapter 1 Theory – chapter 2 Compare – chapter 5

8. Conceptual Framework Components Dependent variable/primary characteristic characteristic Variables of influence or characteristics of interestinterest Extraneous variables or characteristics characteristics

9. Relationship Among Five Types of Variables Variables of Influence Moderator Variables Intervening Variables Dependent Variables Control Variables Independent VariablesDependent Variables This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

10. Conceptual Framework Components Relationships (anticipated and predicted from the review of literature) among and between variables and/or characteristics Relationships

11. Quantitative Framework Essentials Visually tells your story (research) – the big picturestory Identifies literature review categories categories Directs your objectives

12. Framework Essentials Establishes your anticipated analyses (operational framework) framework Manages your research design Directs your instrument development

13. Quantitative Framework Locations Theoretical/Conceptual - end of Chapter 2 A synthesis section explains the relationships and the categories A transition section leads to... Operational Framework Beginning of Chapter 3 Tied to procedures/methodologies

18. Conceptual Framework Operational Framework

19. operational 1 2 3 4

20. Conceptual Framework Factors: Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital Group Formation Farmer associations form because farmers need greater market clout and need lobbying power for government service (FAO, 1998) Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (FAO, Dilts, Bartlet & Pontius, 2001) The next 5 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna & Cliff Bonzo, The Pennsylvania State University

21. Research Questions 1. What is the demographic profile of the participants? 2. What are the group formation factors in the development of IPM farmers’ associations? 3. To what extent does knowledge acquisition impact group formation? 4. What demographic characteristics are related to group formation?

22. Demographics: Ethnicity Gender Education Land Holding (Esman & Uphoff, 1984) Group Formation (Shaw, 1981; Tuckman & Jenson, 1977) RQ 1 RQ 4 Factors: Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital (Bartlett, 2002; Scoones, 1998) Knowledge Acquisition (Mathias, 1996) RQ = Research Questions 1—4 RQ 2 RQ 3 Independent variables Dependent Variable Operational Framework

23. Research Questions 1. What is the demographic profile of the participants? 2. What are the group formation factors in the development of IPM farmers’ associations? 3. To what extent does knowledge acquisition impact group formation? 4. What demographic characteristics are related to group formation?

24. Relationships

25. Theoretical Framework

26. Research Framework or Agenda

28. Conceptual Framework

29. T he programThey are not does not meetincluded in their needsthe planning Their values clash with that of program planners Their level of innovativeness is low FROM NON-PARTICIPATION TO ENGAGEMENT When people do not participate in programs, their perspectives are lost and do not inform the program - nor do they benefit from programs. People do not participate because… Based on… Argued by… Remedied through… Resulting in… Epistemology: Methodology: 1. “Needs” contextualized to include values and interests Functional perspectives better define 2. Values and interests are made explicitpeople’s orientation to the program Points of divergence and convergence in people’s functional perspectives are identified, resulting in the identification of: Points of leverage to increase people’s participation in programs N eeds are“Participation” identifiable andmeans authentic if met,inclusion in all people show upplanning levels Needs Assessment: FunctionalistsEmpowerment *Borich*Arnstein *Scissons*Freire Congruent values lead to participation Resistance Theory: *Quigley *Boshier They respond to internal or external forces Personal and social forces exist and exert influence Chain-of- Response Theory: *Cross People possess a level of adoptive readiness Adoption and Diffusion Theory: *Rogers Problem Explanations Assumptions Theories & Theorists “Solutions” Result

31. Texas Tech Conceptual Framework

33. Example of _____________ Framework Location Race Attitude toward school Smoking Status of Youth (smoker vs. non-smoker) After HS plans GPA Type of Tobacco The next 3 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University Conceptual

34. Example of ____________ Framework Sex-role stereotyping Advancement of women to the top Access to information (Sekaran, 2001) Operational

35. Example of ______________ Framework Hygiene factors (Job dissatisfaction) Job satisfaction of faculty Motivator factors (Job satisfaction) Other variables (Bowen and Radhakrishna study) Operational

36. An operational

37. Framework Creation IV CV MV Intervening variables DV Title This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University < 12 words; no articles & prepositions; debate each word

38. Thank You