1. O VERVIEW OF THE N EW H IGHWAY S AFETY M ANUAL Karen Dixon, Oregon State University NCHRP 17-38 Project Member AASHTO Subcommittee on Safety Management September 4,2009 Savannah, GA

2. P RESENTATION S UMMARY What is the HSM? Why is the HSM needed? How can the HSM be used? When will the 1 st Edition be available? Where can one find more information about the HSM?1 2 3 4 5

3. I. WHAT IS THE HSM? Overview of the new HSM

4. W HAT IS THE HSM? Provide Information Tools To facilitate explicit safety considerations for: PlanningDesignOperationsMaintenance through Synthesis of validated highway research Adapted & integrated to practice Analytical tools for predicting impact on road safety

5. T HE V ISION OF THE HSM - A D OCUMENT A KIN T O THE HCM Definitive; represents quantitative ‘state-of- the-art’ information Widely accepted within professional practice of transportation engineering Science-based; updated regularly to reflect research1 2 3

6. W HAT THE HSM IS NOT The HSM does not set requirements or mandates The HSM is not a best practice document for design or operations. The HSM contains no warrants or standards and does not supersede other publications that do. vs

7. The HSM does not establish a legal standard of care nor does it create a duty to the public.

8. II. W HY D O W E N EED THE HSM? Overview of the new HSM

9. I S T HIS R OAD “S AFE ” OR “U NSAFE ”? What does safety really mean?

10. Nominal Safety Substantive Safety Examined in reference to compliance with standards, warrants, guidelines and sanctioned design procedures The expected or actual crash frequency and severity for a highway or roadway H IGHWAY S AFETY H AS T WO D IMENSIONS *Ezra Hauer, ITE Traffic Safety Toolbox Introduction, 1999

11. CRASH RISK DESIGN DIMENSION Lane Width, Radius of Curve, Stopping Sight Distance, etc. CRASH RISK DESIGN DIMENSION Lane Width, Radius of Curve, Stopping Sight Distance, etc. U NLIKE N OMINAL S AFETY, S UBSTANTIVE S AFETY IS A C ONTINUUM Substantive Safety Nominal Safety

12. N OMINAL S AFETY VS S UBSTANTIVE S AFETY CRASH RISK DESIGN DIMENSION Lane Width, Radius of Curve, Stopping Sight Distance, etc. Low Nominal Low Substantive Low Nominal Low Substantive Low Nominal High Substantive Low Nominal High Substantive High Nominal Low Substantive High Nominal Low Substantive High Nominal High Substantive High Nominal High Substantive

13. S UBSTANTIVE S AFETY M AY V ARY W HEN N OMINAL S AFETY D OES N OT Existing Conditions Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3

14. W E ’ RE I NTERESTED IN O THER I MPACTS FOR P ROJECT L EVEL D ECISIONS – W HAT A BOUT S UBSTANTIVE S AFETY ? Safety Environmental Traffic Right-of-Way Costs Impacts Impacts Operations Traffic Noise Model 1.0 CAL3QHC Mobile 5a 3-D Visualization CITYGREEN HCM CORSIM PASSER TRANSYT7F VISSIM Construction Plans Cost Models Real estate appraisals DOT databases Design Criteria (nominal safety) More quantitative Greater weight The HSM

15. T HE HSM C ONTAINS B EST S CIENCE & R ESEARCH Synthesis of previous research New research commissioned by AASHTO and FHWA

16. III. HOW WAS THE HSM DEVELOPED? Overview of the new HSM

17. T HE HSM – A T EN - YEAR R ESEARCH A ND D EVELOPMENT E FFORT TRB Annual meeting Absence & need to estimate safety impacts TRB December Workshop TRB Joint Subcommittee for the Development of a HSM Members of sponsoring committees AASHTO, FHWA, ITE TRB Task Force for the Develop- ment of a HSM AASHTO HSM TF 1 st Edition (projected) 2 nd Edition 199920002003 Future Research, research and more research 20102007

18. S IGNIFICANT E FFORT & P ROFESSIONAL S UPPORT P RODUCED THE HSM Joint Subcommittee sponsored by 7 TRB committees Thousands of hours of volunteer effort Research program funded by NCHRP, AASHTO & FHWA

19. NCHRP Project 17-18(04) Development of a HSM - Draft Table of Contents for the HSM. NCHRP Project 17-25 Crash Reduction Factors for Traffic Engineering and ITS Improvements NCHRP Project 17-26 Development of Models for Prediction of Expected Safety Performance for Urban and Suburban Arterials NCHRP Project 17-27 Prepare Parts I and II of the HSM NCHRP Project 17-29 Safety Prediction Models for Rural Multilane Highways for Use in the HSM NCHRP Project 17-34 Prepare Parts IV and V of the HSM NCHRP Project 17-36 Production of the First Edition of the HSM NCHRP Project 17-37 Pedestrian Predictive Crash Methodology for Urban and Suburban Arterials NCHRP Project 17-38 HSM Implementation and Training Materials R ESEARCH P ATH TO THE HSM V.1

20. IV. W HAT IS C OVERED BY THE HSM? Overview of the new HSM

21. O UTLINE OF THE HSM Part A Introduction, Human Factors, and Fundamentals Part B Roadway Safety Management Process Part C Predictive Method Part D Accident Modification Factors

22. PART B: Roadway Safety Management Process SafetyAnalyst http://www.safetyanalyst.org/ PART C: Predictive Methods IHSDM http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/ ihsdm/ihsdm.htm PART D: Accident Modification Factors FHWA CRF/AMF Clearinghouse

23. PART A I NTRODUCTION, H UMAN F ACTORS, & F UNDAMENTALS Introduction and Overview Chapter 1 Human Factors Chapter 2 Fundamentals Chapter 3

24. P ART B R OADWAY S AFETY M ANAGEMENT P ROCESS 4 5 6 7 8 9 Network Screening Diagnosis Countermeasure Selection Economic Appraisal Prioritization of Improvement Projects 4 5 67 8 9 Safety Effectiveness Evaluation

25. P ART C P REDICTIVE M ETHOD Two-Lane Rural Roads Urban/ Suburban Arterial Highways Rural Multilane Highways Methodology Applications Safety issues not explicitly addressed by the methodology Example problems References Special Part C Common Procedures Calibration Combining predicted with observed crashes

26. D EFINITION OF HSM T ERMS Safety Performance Function (SPF) – a regression equation used for estimating the predicted crash frequency at a site for a given “base condition” Accident Modification Factor (AMF) – used to adjust the “base condition” in the SPF to specific site characteristics Calibration Factor (C) – adjusts average crash frequencies calculated from the SPF to local site conditions

27. P REDICTING C RASHES – D EFINING R OADWAY S EGMENTS AND I NTERSECTIONS

28. C RASH E STIMATION E QUATION N predicted = N spf x C x AMF1 x AMF2 x … Calculate the Roadway Segment N predicted and the Roadway Intersection Segment N predicted separately

29. S UMMATION OF C RASHES

30. HSM R EGIONAL SPF C ALIBRATION Step 5 – Compute calibration factors for use in Part C predictive model Step 1 – Identify facility types of interest Step 2 – Select sites for calibration of each facility type Step 3 – Obtain data for each facility type applicable to the calibration period Step 4 – Apply the appropriate Part C predictive model to estimate expected crash frequency for each site during the calibration period

31. C ALIBRATION S TEP 1 – F ACILITY T YPES Roadway SegmentsIntersections Rural 2-lane roads 2-lane undivided3-leg & 4-leg with minor road STOP 4-leg signalized Rural multilane roads Undivided segments Divided segments 3-leg & 4-leg with minor road STOP 4-leg signalized Urban and suburban arterials 2-lane & 4-lane undivided 3-lane & 5-lane with TWLTL 4-lane divided 3-leg & 4-leg with minor road STOP 3-leg & 4-leg signalized

32. C ALIBRATION S TEP 2 – S ELECT S ITES FOR C ALIBRATION OF F ACILITY T YPES Each facility type will need a minimum of 30 to 50 sites. Calibration sites should be based on road segments or intersections as shown in Step 1 Total crashes observed at all sites unique to a specific facility type should be a minimum of 100 per year – this should not be investigated until after the sites are selected

33. C ALIBRATION S TEP 3 – O BTAIN DATA FOR EACH F ACILITY T YPE Total observed crash frequency for a period selected (usually 1 to 3 years) Site characteristic data complying with required versus desirable data elements as shown in the following slides

34. D ATA E LEMENT N EEDS

35. D ATA E LEMENT N EEDS ( CONTINUED )

41. C ALIBRATION S TEP 4 – A PPLY P REDICTIVE M ETHOD Apply the applicable HSM Part C predictive method to predict total crash frequency for each site during the calibration period

42. C ALIBRATION S TEP 5 – C OMPUTE C ALIBRATION F ACTORS Create a proportional factor to apply to regional data as follows:

43. W HAT IS THE E MPERICAL B AYES (EB) M ETHOD ? Tool to compensate for the potential bias due to regression-to-the-mean Correct for unusual crash trends Uses predicted crashes paired with observed crashes for a more reliable crash estimate

44. P ART D A CCIDENT M ODIFICATION F ACTORS Roadway Segments CHAPTER 13 Intersections CHAPTER 14 Interchanges CHAPTER 15 Special Facilities and Geometric Situations CHAPTER 16 Road Networks CHAPTER 17

45. V. WHO SHOULD USE THE HSM? Overview of the new HSM

46. W HO S HOULD U SE THE HSM? System Planning Project Planning Preliminary Design, Final Design, & Construction Operations & Maintenance

47. Assess the system needs & identify projects/studies Program projects Evaluate system-wide safety effects of programs System Planning Project Planning Preliminary Design, Final Design, and Construction Operations and Maintenance

48. Define problem(s) and assist in scoping Identify potential solutions Assess or evaluate multiple alternatives and expected quantitative safety effects Aid in identification of a preferred alternative System Planning Project Planning Preliminary Design, Final Design, and Construction Operations and Maintenance

49. Evaluate safety of alternative design approaches Assist in review & documentation of design exceptions, variances and waivers Inform decisions on construction staging, work approaches, etc. System PlanningProject Planning Preliminary Design, Final Design, and Construction Operations and Maintenance

50. Monitor operations to maintain balance among safety, mobility and access. Evaluate the effectiveness of implemented improvements System PlanningProject Planning Preliminary Design, Final Design, and Construction Operations & Maintenance

51. VI. W HEN W ILL THE HSM BE A VAILABLE ? Overview of the new HSM

52. I MPLEMENTATION S CHEDULE Fall 2009 Ballot by AASHTO’s Standing Committee on Highways & Standing Committee on Highway Traffic Safety Expected Release Date: Spring 2010

53. I MPLEMENTATION S CHEDULE Now through July 31, 2009: Review & balloting by AASHTO ‘s Subcommittee of Traffic Engineering, Standing Committee on Highway Traffic Safety, and Subcommittee on Design Sept 1 st to 30 th, 2009 – Ballot by AASHTO’s Standing Committee on Highways & Standing Committee on Highway Traffic Safety Expected Release Date: Early 2010

54. T RAINING & O UTREACH A CTIVITIES October 2009 – Jan 2010 – Conduct two or three multi-state pilot courses August 2009 – TRB Task Force Meeting TRB 2010 Annual Meeting – One-day workshop Training materials, including “Train-the- trainer” available upon HSM release

55. VII. W HERE C AN O NE F IND M ORE I NFORMATION A BOUT THE HSM? Overview of the new HSM

56. http://www.highwaysafetymanual.org

57. DATA NEEDS GUIDE http://www.highwaysafetymanual.org

58. K EY C ONTACTS AASHTO – Ken Kobetsky: kenk@aashto.org, (202) 624-5254kenk@aashto.org – Jim McDonnell: jimm@aashto.org, (202) 624-5448jimm@aashto.org – Kelly Hardy: khardy@aashto.org, (202) 624-5868khardy@aashto.org AASHTO JOINT TASK COMMITTEE FOR THE HSM – Don Vaughn, ALDOT, vaughnd@dot.state.al.us, (334) 242-6319vaughnd@dot.state.al.us

59. K EY C ONTACTS TRB/ NCHRP – Rick Pain: rpain@nas.edu, (202)334-2964rpain@nas.edu – Chuck Niessner: cniessne@nas.edu, (202) 334-1431cniessne@nas.edu TRB HSM TF: Development of a Highway Safety Manual – John Milton, miltonj@wsdot.wa.gov, (360)704-6363miltonj@wsdot.wa.gov TRB HSM TF: User Liaison – Geni Bahar (User Liaison Subcommittee of the TRB HSM Task Force): genibahar@rogers.com, (416) 932-9272genibahar@rogers.com TRAINING – Karen Dixon (PI of NCHRP Project 17-38): karen.dixon@oregonstate.edu, (541) 737-6337 karen.dixon@oregonstate.edu

60. T HE E ND Questions?