1. Rome

2. Founding  1500BC-Latins crossed Alps  Founded Rome on 7 hills by Tiber River  Agricultural  750BC-Conquered by Etruscans  Latins (Romans) learned to:  Build roads, walls, & buildings  Make metal weapons

3. Republic  5th-3rd centuries BC  Social aristocracy  Patricians  Consuls  Senate  Plebeians largely excluded from government  Plebeians eventually gained right to vote and hold office

4. Fasces

5. Chicago City Hall  Pittsburg Federal Bldg.  Spain  Birmingham, AL  Nebraska Supreme Court, Lincoln

6.  Buffalo, NY, City Council Chamber

7. Fasces

9. Conquered Mediterranean World  Italian Peninsula  340-270 BC  Well-trained citizen-soldiers  Wise treatment of conquered peoples  Carthage—264-146 BC—Punic Wars  Rome destroyed and took Carthage  Eastern Mediterranean by 1st century BC

10. Effect of Conquests  Spread Greek culture  Officials/Nobles gained large fortunes  Roman virtues disappeared  Ruined small farmers & workers  Farmers migrated to cities  Politicians offered free programs  Citizen-soldiers replaced by professional soldiers

11. Republic to Dictatorship  By 2nd century BC, Roman generals battled for control Civil War: Caesar vs. Pompey  60 BC--First Triumvirate  Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus  Caesar had his army’s loyalty  Senate told him to disband army  He invaded Rome  Became dictator  Assassinated in 44 BC

12. Caesar’s Roman Republic

13. Republic to Dictatorship  Civil War: Octavian vs. Antony  Mark Antony and Octavian defeated Brutus and Cassius, the chief conspirators in Julius Caesar’s death  Octavian defeated Antony  Became absolute ruler of Rome

14. Roman Empire  27 BC--476 AD  Octavian  Senate gave him the title of Augustus  Began Pax Romana  Developed trade/industry/science/arts  Trajan  Empire at its greatest  Hadrian  Built defensive walls in Britain

15. Roman Empire  Marcus Aurelius  Philosopher/ruler/soldier  His death ended Pax Romana  Diocletian  Divided Empire  Constantine  Reunited empire  Moved capital to Byzantium  Converted to Christianity

16. Germanic Invasion  Germans allowed to settle  Huns pushed more Germans in  Visigoths in Spain  Ostrogoths in Italy  Vandals in North Africa  Franks in Gaul  Angles & Saxons in Britain  476AD-last Roman emperor

19. Why West Fell-Political  Corrupt dictatorial government  Did not have people’s loyalty  Empire could not be governed efficiently from one central city  Primitive transportation  Poor communication  Rivalry over succession led to civil wars

20. Why West Fell-Economic  Small farmers abandoned land  Became workers on large estates  Lost desire to increase production  Heavy, unjust taxation  Burdened people  Destroyed ambition to work and progress  Widespread use of slaves

22. Why West Fell-Social  People only interested in luxury & survival  Ideals had almost vanished  Sharp class distinctions  Cities declined  Previous centers of culture and industry  People fled to rural regions

23. Why West Fell-Military  Roman armies included German mercenaries  Armies considered themselves masters of the state, not its servants

24. Roman Contributions  Pax Romana—27 BC-180 AD  Greco-Roman (classical) civilization spread throughout Empire  Roman Law  Influenced legal systems in Byzantine Empire, Western Europe and US  Architecture  Effectively used concrete, arch and dome

25.  Pantheon

26. Roman Contributions  Language  Romance languages  Literature  Cicero—Father of Latin prose  Vergil—Wrote the Aeneid  Historical Writing  Livy—Wrote history of Rome  Plutarch—Wrote Parallel Lives

27. Roman Contributions  Science  Practical scientists in:  Sanitation  Public health  Research scientists generally non-Roman  Ptolemy (Greek)  Sun revolves around earth