1. The Reformation Comunicación y Gerencia

2. Problems with the Catholic Church Political Power: The Church was focused on keeping/regaining its Medieval political power Heresy: An opinion that conflicts with official church beliefs All heretics are either excommunicated or executed Simony: Paying for a position in the clergy Indulgences: Paying money for sins to be forgiven without penance Covenant of Works: Must continually do good deeds if you want salvation Did not apply to higher clergy

4. Martin Luther 95 Theses: List of 95 problems Luther had with the church Nailed the list to the church door at Wittenberg Salvation: How a soul is saved Luther believed Jesus is the only way to salvation Sola Fide: “Faith alone” (against the “Covenant of Works”) Sola Scriptura: “Scripture alone” is the truth; not open to interpretation by priests Priesthood of All Believers: Clergy are not better than any one else You do not need to pray through a clergy member Anyone can study the Bible or preach if he feels called

5. Results Diet of Worms: 1521 Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X Holy Roman Emperor Charles V asked Luther to abandon his ideas Luther refused, and his writings were outlawed by the Church

7. Results Diet of Worms: 1521 Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X Holy Roman Emperor Charles V asked Luther to abandon his ideas Luther refused, and his writings were outlawed by the Church Peace of Augsburg: 1555 Charles V forced to compromise with German princes who wanted to follow Luther’s new ideas Each German ruler allowed to choose the religion of his state Most chose Lutheranism over the Catholic Church

8. Sects Henry VIII and the Anglican Church: Henry was a devout Catholic Wanted a divorce from his wife because she had not given birth to a son and she was getting too old to have children Pope refused to grant the divorce Henry withdrew England from the Catholic Church Created Church of England (Anglican Church) and was originally very similar to Catholicism Henry divorced two wives, beheaded two more, one died, and one outlived him; he only had one son (who died at age 16)

11. Sects Calvinism: Influenced by Erasmus (Northern Humanist) Believed Church should be simple, not ornate; “4 walls and a sermon” Predestination: God decided at the beginning of time who to save (“The elect”); must live by a high moral standard Self-discipline: Lifestyle of the elect; completely dedicated one’s life to God’s wishes; no dancing, card playing, foul language, “showy” dress…etc

13. Sects Huguenots: French Calvinists (France was mostly Catholic) Catholic monarchs feared the Huguenots St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): Bloody civil war of French Catholics versus the Huguenots; Catholics massacred thousands of Huguenots

15. Sects Huguenots: French Calvinists (France was mostly Catholic) Catholic monarchs feared the Huguenots St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): Bloody civil war of French Catholics versus the Huguenots; Catholics massacred thousands of Huguenots Edict of Nantes (1598): King Henry IV gave Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights

16. Start of the Catholic Reformation 1530s: Catholic Church’s efforts to fix corruptions in the church and stop the spread of Protestantism.

17. Goals of the Catholic Reformation Revive the Catholic faith Combat heresy Officially define Catholic doctrine Slow/halt the spread of Protestantism

18. The Council of Trent 1545-1563: Defined official church positions on matters of doctrine Outlawed indulgences, increased pressure on clergy to behave better, and declared salvation is earned by obeying church rituals as well as faith.

19. Results of the Reformation Birth of several new churches Fixed many of the Catholic Church’s corruptions Large decrease in power of the Catholic Church in Europe Large increase of interest in education in Europe Increased power of national governments and decreased power of the Pope