1. YOUNG & HARDEN DISCOVERIES By: Nafisa, Isabel and Vesa

2. Fermentation Anaerobic cellular process Organic foods converted into simpler compounds ATP is produced Seen in yeast

3. Buchner Discoveries Fermentation does not require intact yeast cells Caused by an enzyme called zymase. Fermentation could occur in the presence of oxygen, a finding that disproved a theory held by Louis Pasteur. Whenever zymase is present as well as sugar, fermentation will occur

4. Young and Harden Heat Stable substances were necessary as well as zymase (and cozymase) Added boiled yeast extract to unboiled yeast extract Rate of alcoholic fermentation increased

5. Young and Harden Developed an apparatus to collect and measure gases created during alcohol fermentation Used a volumetric measurement of CO 2

6. Young and Harden Using this apparatus, fructose-1,6- bisphosphate was found Led to the description of fermentation in terms of molecular intermediates

7. Young and Harden Can be summarized through these equations: 1. 2C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2Na 2 HPO 4 = C 6 H 10 O 4 (PO 4 Na 2 )+2H 2 O + CO 2 +2C 2 H 6 O; 2. C 6 H 10 O 4 (PO 4 Na 2 )2 + H 2 O = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2Na 2 HPO 4 Cellular Respiration Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36Energy (as ATP)

8. Cellular Respiration Begins with glucose Harden and Young were able to find the third molecule in the process Proved Pasteur’s theory that microorganisms caused fermentation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nIDGG0sYcg After this reaction, an alcohol and CO2 is created

9. Cellular Respiration By building on this information, the complete glycolytic pathway was found in 1940

10. References “Alcoholic Fermentation.” Yobrew - Home brew wine, cider, beer, drinks, kits and recipes. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct, 2011. http://www.yobrew.co.uk/fermentation.php “Cofactor Engineering.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 24 Oct, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_Engineering “Eduard Buchner Wiki.” Jungle Key. N.p., 1 May, 2010. Web. 24 Oct, 2011. http://www.junglekey.com/wiki/definition.php?terme=Eduard_Buchner Arthur Harden and William John Young. “The Enzymatic Formation of Polysaccharides by Yeast Preparations.” Biochem. J., Dec. 7 (1913): 630–0. Biochemical Department, Lister Institute, 17 Nov, 1913. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. http://www.biochemj.org/bj/007/0630/bj0070630_browse.htm# Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, and Robert L. Hill. “Otto Fritz Meyerhof and the Elucidation of the Glycolytic Pathway.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry,January 28 (2005 ): 280, e3. Web. 24 Oct, 2011. http://www.jbc.org/content/280/4/e3 “Nobel Lectures: Chemistry 1922-1941.” Nobel Prize. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966. Web. 24 Oct, 2011. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/harden-bio.html Kazuna Tyo. “What Are the Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion?” Gadget Health News. N.p., 2011. Web. 24 Oct, 2011. http://www.gadgethealth.com/what-are-the-symptoms-of-heat-exhaustion.html “William John Young.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 24 Oct, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Young