2. RESEARCH METHODS Dwain Daniel D.C.

3. Only in California

4. Mission of Research at PCC Conduct research to support and improve chiropractic practice Publish research work Present research Involve faculty, students, staff & alumni in the research process Communication –Research Status Reports –Bulletin boards, etc. Conduct research to support and improve chiropractic practice Publish research work Present research Involve faculty, students, staff & alumni in the research process Communication –Research Status Reports –Bulletin boards, etc.

5. Why this Class (Specific Objectives) Develop an understanding of the importance of research to the profession Provide the skills necessary to find the information you want. Develop critical reading skills to understand what you have found: Develop an understanding of the importance of research to the profession Provide the skills necessary to find the information you want. Develop critical reading skills to understand what you have found:

6. BOTTOM LINE- No matter where you practice…. you will be able to locate, understand and apply the scientific literature to keep you on the cutting edge of professional practice

7. Putting research into perspective within the chiropractic profession* The art, science and philosophy of chiropractic Art: “a system of principles and methods employed in the performance of a set of activities” The art, science and philosophy of chiropractic Art: “a system of principles and methods employed in the performance of a set of activities”

8. * * Philosophy: “the investigation of reality, knowledge or values based on logical reasoning rather than on scientific/empirical methods” Science: “the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of phenomena” Philosophy: “the investigation of reality, knowledge or values based on logical reasoning rather than on scientific/empirical methods” Science: “the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of phenomena”

9. Dogma Defined 1. “Principle, tenet, or creed, especially of a church or political party.” 2. “Rigid or authoritarian belief.” The American Century Dictionary, 1995 1. “Principle, tenet, or creed, especially of a church or political party.” 2. “Rigid or authoritarian belief.” The American Century Dictionary, 1995

11. 100 Years Ago (Getting a Perspective of Change) Only 8,000 cars in the US & only 144 miles of roads 14% of homes had bathtubs 8% of homes had telephones... Max. speed limit in cities was 10MPH Average U.S. wage was 22 cents per hr. 95% of births took place at home Life expectancy was 55 years Only 8,000 cars in the US & only 144 miles of roads 14% of homes had bathtubs 8% of homes had telephones... Max. speed limit in cities was 10MPH Average U.S. wage was 22 cents per hr. 95% of births took place at home Life expectancy was 55 years

12. 100 Years Ago There was no Mother’s or Father’s Day Coca-Cola contained cocaine not caffeine Most women washed their hair once per month with borax or egg yokes California was the twenty-first most populous state 6% in the U.S. graduated from high school The average American got 9 hours of sleep a night There was no Mother’s or Father’s Day Coca-Cola contained cocaine not caffeine Most women washed their hair once per month with borax or egg yokes California was the twenty-first most populous state 6% in the U.S. graduated from high school The average American got 9 hours of sleep a night

13. Medicine 100 Years Ago 90% of U.S. physicians had no college ed. Medical schools were condemned by the press and by the government as “substandard” Leading causes of death were: 1)Pneumonia & Influenza, 2)TB, 3)Diarrhea, 4)Heart Disease, and 5) Stroke. Marijuana, heroin & morphine could be bought over the counter 90% of U.S. physicians had no college ed. Medical schools were condemned by the press and by the government as “substandard” Leading causes of death were: 1)Pneumonia & Influenza, 2)TB, 3)Diarrhea, 4)Heart Disease, and 5) Stroke. Marijuana, heroin & morphine could be bought over the counter

14. Historical Changes in Research (methods)** 1900— –Practice>>>theory>>limited science>>no clinical research 1950- –Theory>>science>>practice>>clinical research 2000— –Science>>theory>>clinical research>>practice –from Haldeman, DC, PhD, MD 1900— –Practice>>>theory>>limited science>>no clinical research 1950- –Theory>>science>>practice>>clinical research 2000— –Science>>theory>>clinical research>>practice –from Haldeman, DC, PhD, MD

15. Changes in Number of Scientists Publishing* There were approximately 1,000 scientists in 1800 This grew to nearly 100,000 in 1900 And to more than 3,200,000 by 1972 –...Arch Dermatol 128: 1249-1256 There were approximately 1,000 scientists in 1800 This grew to nearly 100,000 in 1900 And to more than 3,200,000 by 1972 –...Arch Dermatol 128: 1249-1256

16. Changes & the Challenge of Keeping Informed* There are now approx. 18,000 biomedical journals By 1984 it was estimated that 7,000 scientific articles were published daily...all providing new information Without proper informatics & critical reading skills, this information simply can not be accessed or understood There are now approx. 18,000 biomedical journals By 1984 it was estimated that 7,000 scientific articles were published daily...all providing new information Without proper informatics & critical reading skills, this information simply can not be accessed or understood

17. The Pragmatic Reasons for this Research Class** help you provide the best patient care reduced risk of malpractice (risk management) evidence-based practice & getting paid information for patient education (newsletters, lectures, etc.) help with interprofessional relations (referral, consultation) help you provide the best patient care reduced risk of malpractice (risk management) evidence-based practice & getting paid information for patient education (newsletters, lectures, etc.) help with interprofessional relations (referral, consultation)

18. Pragmatic Reasons for Research Class ** Permit you to give informed presentations (written & oral) to civic groups Provide you skills for narrative reports & depositions Prepare you to conduct some practice based research for your profession

19. Teaching You to Fish The skills you will learn will help continue to learn after you graduate –this is a skill set that most chiropractors and medical providers do not have Much of the information you learn in all your other classes will change.. With the growing emphasis on evidence based practice, keeping informed is the key to a LOW RISK & SUCCESSFUL practice The skills you will learn will help continue to learn after you graduate –this is a skill set that most chiropractors and medical providers do not have Much of the information you learn in all your other classes will change.. With the growing emphasis on evidence based practice, keeping informed is the key to a LOW RISK & SUCCESSFUL practice

20. History of Chiropractic Research and Education

21. Objectives To understand the importance of research to the profession, doctor and patient To know the four periods of chiropractic history To know the major events of each period To understand the significance of each period To understand the importance of research to the profession, doctor and patient To know the four periods of chiropractic history To know the major events of each period To understand the significance of each period

22. Importance of research in chiropractic today* Importance to the profession Importance to the individual doctor –80/10/10 rule –1/2 of information Importance to your patients Importance to the profession Importance to the individual doctor –80/10/10 rule –1/2 of information Importance to your patients

23. EVIDENCED BASED PRACTICE

26. Periods of Chiropractic History** Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –Dawn of the profession –Palmer School of Magnetic Cure 1896. –Oakley Smith 1899. –Palmer School –B.J. Palmer –Henry Herring Explosive growth Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –Dawn of the profession –Palmer School of Magnetic Cure 1896. –Oakley Smith 1899. –Palmer School –B.J. Palmer –Henry Herring Explosive growth

27. 1925* 82 schools 28000 chiropractors 4000 students 82 schools 28000 chiropractors 4000 students

28. Periods of Chiropractic History Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940

29. Period of Conflict** B. J. Palmer and the neurocalameter Morris Fishbein and the AMA. Great Depression Purpose of research in the profession –Reveal the will of God –Observation without experimentation sufficient –Main role was in marketing B. J. Palmer and the neurocalameter Morris Fishbein and the AMA. Great Depression Purpose of research in the profession –Reveal the will of God –Observation without experimentation sufficient –Main role was in marketing

30. 1940* 40 schools 15000 chiropractors 1400 students 40 schools 15000 chiropractors 1400 students

31. Periods of Chiropractic History* Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 –40/15000/1400 Period of Change, 1941-1970 Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 –40/15000/1400 Period of Change, 1941-1970

32. Period of Change** Committee on Educational Standards –Claude Watkins –John Nugent. Committee on Educational Standards –Claude Watkins –John Nugent.

33. 1970* 11 schools 15000 doctors 2500 students 11 schools 15000 doctors 2500 students

34. Periods of Chiropractic History*** Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 –40/15000/1400 Period of Change, 1941-1970 –11/15000/2500 Period of Professionalism, 1971- present Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 –40/15000/1400 Period of Change, 1941-1970 –11/15000/2500 Period of Professionalism, 1971- present

35. Period of Professionalism*** Prelude to the future –Chung Ha Suh, PhD. –NINDS. –US Office of Education Prelude to the future –Chung Ha Suh, PhD. –NINDS. –US Office of Education

36. 1970’s*** 1973: First US government funding of Chiropractic research 1973: Chiropractic included in Medicare 1974: CCE recognized by USOE 1976: Wilk vs. AMA 1978: JMPT first published 1979: New Zealand Report 1973: First US government funding of Chiropractic research 1973: Chiropractic included in Medicare 1974: CCE recognized by USOE 1976: Wilk vs. AMA 1978: JMPT first published 1979: New Zealand Report

37. 1980’s*** 1982: JMPT indexed by Index Medicus (NLM) 1982: First RCT of chiropractic for any health problem 1982: JMPT indexed by Index Medicus (NLM) 1982: First RCT of chiropractic for any health problem

38. 1990’s*** 1991: First Rand Study published. Additional studies in 92, 94, 98 1994: “Federal Guidelines for Low Back Pain” published 1997: Consortium Center for Chiropractic Research Funded (2.7M) 1999: Inclusion of chiropractic care for all US military mandated 1991: First Rand Study published. Additional studies in 92, 94, 98 1994: “Federal Guidelines for Low Back Pain” published 1997: Consortium Center for Chiropractic Research Funded (2.7M) 1999: Inclusion of chiropractic care for all US military mandated

39. Periods of Chiropractic History Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 –40/15000/1400 Period of Change, 1941-1970 –11/15000/2500 Period of Professionalism, 1971- present –23/55000/15000 Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 –82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 –40/15000/1400 Period of Change, 1941-1970 –11/15000/2500 Period of Professionalism, 1971- present –23/55000/15000

41. George McAndrews*** “If the profession continues to publish theory, in the absence of scientific support, and continues to waste its funds on outrageous advertising rather than investigate the truth of the theory…the last 20 years will have been wasted.”