1. Section 2 The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages (p. 67-118)

2. Section 2, Part 2 Threats from Within and Without (pp. 83-97)

3. Introduction  Historical eras are marked by key events that identify that era  Apostolic Times (30-300)—persecution and apologetical defense  Patristic Era (200-700/800)—fathers and doctors of the Church defend the Church against heresy at Ecumenical Councils  Early Middle Ages (500-1000)—monasticism, Islam, east-west tension, barbarian-papal-secular tension  Moving into the High Middle Ages (1000-1350)  Age characterized by disputes  Great Schism—11 th century  Crusades—11 th and 12 th century  Decline in the Papacy—13 th and 14 th century  Three Articles  A. 19 -- The Eastern Schism (pp. 84-88)  A. 20 -- The Crusades (pp. 88-92)  A. 21 -- Challenges to the Papacy (pp. 92-96)

4. Article 19: The Eastern Schism (pp. 84-88)  Great Schism—324 to 1054 and beyond (can you find other causes)  Geographical differences  Rome and Constantinople  Linguistic Differences  West—Latin; East—Greek and Syriac  Theological Differences  Arianism and Nestorianism  Hierarchical Differences  Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem  Church-State Relational Differences  West—pope; East—emperor over patriarch  Icon Usage Differences  Pope, John Damascene, and Nicaea II vs Leo III and Iconoclasm  Filioque  Really about the word ecumenical—9 th century Emperor Photius vs. the West  The Straw that Broke the Camels Back (or was it the 4 th Crusade of 1204 )  Papal Authority—Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius: Objective vs. Subjective

5. Homework  p. 97; 1-2 (Section 2, Part 2 HW)  Read pp. 88-96 (AA. 20-21) in the e-Book for discussion tomorrow

6. Article 20: The Crusades (pp. 88-92)  Goal is to learn without rationalizing or judging--“let he who is without sin…”  First Crusade (1096-1099)  Recently separated East and West uniting over a common enemy (infidels)  Turks controlled parts of Asia Minor, Nicaea in 1084 and threatened Constantinople  Memories of Jerusalem’s fall in 1009; desire for pilgrimages, holy sites, & stop persecution  Pope Urban II (1088-1099) rallied troops at Council of Clermont in 1095 in France  Military: Recovered Jerusalem, fortified Constantinople, took back parts of Asia Minor  Moral: Byzantines were suspicious of the knights methods and motives  Knights received spiritual (indulgences) and temporal rewards (loot and lands)  Second Crusade (1145-1149)  Preached by Pope Eugene III and Bernard of Clairvaux in response to fall of Edessa  Military failure—lost all lands taken in First Crusade and Jerusalem  Third Crusade—King’s Crusade (1189-1192)  Led by Richard the Lion-Hearted, Phillip II, and Frederick Barbarossa  Failed to recapture Jerusalem but opened up pilgrimages and trade to it again

7. Article 20 cont.: The Crusades (pp. 88-92)  Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)  Preached by Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) to recapture Jerusalem via sea root  Diverted to Constantinople to retake Byzantine throne for emperor for compensation  Overcome by zeal—attacked citizens and looted churches  Pope Innocent III denounced the crusaders  Led to psycho-subjective split between east and west  Later Crusades  Children’s Crusade of 1212 did not end in the peaceful occupation of Jerusalem but rather in death and enslavement  Other smaller crusades for cultural or political reasons also failed  Christian control of/in the Holy Land ended in 1291 when Acre fell  Outcomes of the Crusades  (+): goods; inventions; scholarly advances; Renaissance; minor military success  (-): military losses; permanent damage in east-west relations; scandal  We must learn from historical mistakes rather than using history as an excuse

8. Article 21: Challenges to the Papacy (pp. 92-96)  13 th and 14 th century is a period of Church decline and State rise  Weak popes after Innocent III in 1216 such as Boniface VIII (1294-1303)  Strong kings like Edward I and Phillip II encouraged nationalism  Clerical taxation, arrest of Boniface VIII, and election of French Pope Clement V (1305-15)  The Avignon Papacy (1305-1377)  Clement V appointed 9 of 10 cardinals French in 1305 and moved to France in 1309  Affluent lifestyle, Bishop of Rome, French kings, Hundred Years War (1337-1453), lack of independence  Gregory XI moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377  Inspiration of the Italian 3 rd Order Dominican Mystic Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)

9. Article 21 cont.: Challenges to the Papacy (pp. 92-96)  Western Schism  Gregory XI died in Rome in 1378 and Urban VI was elected under pressure in Rome  French cardinals returned to Avignon, deposed Urban and elected Clement VII  Countries aligned themselves along political lines while common people were confused  Church Council elected Alexander V to resolve but he died on way to Rome  Another Council is called to elect John XXII  Nobody relents since temporal power and influence are at stake  Council of Constance resolves with the election of Martin V in 1417  Antipope Clement VIII resigned in 1429 finally resolving the issue  For us scandal, for them Concilliarism—Church council has final voice in spiritual matters  Pope Pius II (1458-1464) condemned and re-emphasized Papal Primacy  The Black Death (bubonic plague)—1347  20 million Europeans (1/3); especially cities; from Sicily; bacterial; naval rat fleas  Death permeated art, music, and folklore (Thomas a’Kempis’s Imitation of Christ)  Despite Church corruption; offered aid; led to clerical decline in number and quality

10. Homework  p. 97; 3-7  Study for the Section 2, Part 2 Quiz (pp. 83-97; AA. 19-21) tomorrow  Make sure the Section 2, Part 2 HW (p. 97; 1-7) is ready to turn in tomorrow