2. Walnut Educational Initiatives 2003 The Old Boys Network The Spread of Sport Industrialists/ Landowners Officers/Military Personnel ClericsTeachers In workforceArmy/Empire Sunday School/ YMCA Schools/Educational Institutions Governing Bodies International Governing Bodies

3. Walnut Educational Initiatives 2003 Queens Park Rangers Aston Villa Barnsley Wolves Bournemouth Bolton Wonderers (Church Breakaway) Bury Stockport Employees Teams Church Army The Thames Ironworks Manchester City West Bromwich Coventry Wycombe Wonderers Portsmouth The Arsenal

4. Walnut Educational Initiatves 2003 Six reasons why football became the people’s game

6. The Move towards Rational Recreation The Move towards Rational Recreation Societal Determinants:Societal Determinants: UrbanisationLarge population requiring recreative space & entertainment. IndustrialisationFactory System & Machine Time Work ConditionsGradual increase in free time. Sat. ½ day. 10 hours act. Early Closing Movement. EconomicsCapitalism & Patronage. Works Teams - Professional Clubs.

7. The Move towards Rational Recreation The Move towards Rational Recreation POPULAR SPORT RATIONAL SPORT LocalisedLocal-Regional-National RuralRural-Urban Cruel / ViolentChannelled Aggression Courtly / PopularGentry-Middle-Working RitualMoral OccasionalRegular Unwritten RulesFormal Codification WageringGambling Curtailed

8. The Move towards Rational Recreation The Move towards Rational Recreation.PRE-INDUSTRIALPOST-INDUSTRIAL Feudal (Courtly / Popular)Gentleman – Middle – Working Feudalism ( Working for each other) Capitalism RuralUrban Cottage IndustryManufacturing Coal / Iron Free TimeMachine Time Church ConstraintsChurch Support Horse DrawnRailways Word of MouthPopular Press

9. LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Factory time = Long Shifts 6am –6pm, 6 days / wk Little Leisure Time Working Class people = very little time off. Sunday = day off, BUT – Sabbatarianism decreed that Sunday was a day of rest, which was much needed.

10. Recreation did survive: Church Holidays were celebrated. Employment laws were passed = reduction of working hours. Development of sport along very clear social lines. LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

11. The Pace of INDUSTRIAL CHANGE 1 st majority of working class refused to be denied leisure activities. ‘Saint Monday’ appeared – an institution of a day of recreation. They took the day off (Monday) – to attend prize fights, baiting contests, race meetings & pedestrian races held in the locality, as they always had. With exception of large textile areas – (Northern England), where steam power took hold early on, much of Industrial Revolution took place in small workshops. These workers were paid by the “piece”

12. The Pace of INDUSTRIAL CHANGE To make up the pay, they had to work harder the rest of the week. Steam Power then became more wide spread & workers became harnessed by the factory whistle for 60+ hours a week. As towns grew – recreation space was lost to factories, cheap housing & workshops. Municipal parks or private pleasure gardens were often strategically placed to provide a screen between slum areas & posh ones, allowing the middle class ‘pleasant walks’.

13. The Pace of INDUSTRIAL CHANGE The attitude of the new ‘Middle Class’ to leisure was very different from that associated with ‘Merrie England’. M.C – lives based on serious purpose, creation of capital wealth & a good Christian living. From this – recreation had to seen as constructive & worthwhile in order to be acceptable. These terms were now associated with recreation.

14. SOCIAL CHANGES…. The lower classes lost time & space Recreation now had to be seen as constructive & worthwhile in order to be acceptable. MASS TRANSPORT – The development of the railway & cheap fares meant that the lower classes could escape to the country side & the sea- side…..much to the annoyance of the gentry.

15. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH In towns many recreations were either banned or severely curtailed by churchmen. They were seen to go against constraining social values of the church. (Those that survived were adapted or went ‘underground’). Result = unruly & riotous behaviour was removed from view. Consequently the back room / cellar of ale houses became the place where people could spend their leisure time in the way they chose. Bear baiting, dog fighting, cock fighting & rat catching survived because they were easily hidden from prying eyes.

16. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH The nature of sport, controlled by the new middle classes, became codified (standardised rules) It also embodied the principles of fair play & Christian endeavour, which had stemmed from the country’s PUBLIC SCHOOLS. With gaining of the Saturday ½ day & shorter working hours that resulted from the factories act 1856 & the Industrial Relations act 1878, it gradually became possible for ordinary men to return to their former recreations. These sports were, of course much changed by the new middle class guardians of morality.