1. Unit 5
Principles of design

2. Harmony
All parts of the visual image relate to and complement each other. 
Pulls the pieces of a visual image together. 
Can be achieved through repetition and rhythm
Patterns or shapes can help achieve harmony
By repeating patterns in an interesting arrangement, the overall visual image comes together. 

3. Balance
Visual stability achieved by placing equal visual or actual weight on opposite sides of an imaginary central axis
There are three types of balance
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Radial

4. SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
Traditional or formal spaces call for symmetrical balance where the space is evenly split into two sides that mirror each other.
For example, two chairs on either side of a coffee table can be said to be symmetrically balanced.
This kind of balance is easy to achieve as design elements are repeated on each side.
If you are not careful, this kind of balance can become monotonous and boring.

5. ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
The visual weights of lines, colors, forms and textures are balanced without exact duplication.
It is not as ordered as symmetrical balance and can be more complex and interesting.
For instance a sofa can be balanced by placing two chairs on the other side

6. RADIAL BALANCE
Radial balance is achieved when there is a central focal point with other elements radiating from it or around it.
An example would be a round dining table, with chairs arranged around it.
There is a lot of repetition of form, texture, and color.

7. Proportion
Proportion is the ratio between the size of one part to another
Proportion is truly relative and requires the interior designer to understand the interactions between objects within a 3 dimensional space.
Proportion is the ratio between the size of one part to another,
Proportion is truly relative and requires the interior designer to understand the interactions between objects within a 3 dimensional space.
In this picture, the proportion of the fireplace in comparison to the book shelves is too large.

8. Here is a picture of the room from the previous slide after its renovation. Notice how the size of the bookshelves to the fireplace is much more in proportion to one another.

9. Scale
Scale refers to the relationship between two or more objects, one that has a commonly known size.
Scale implies the comparison of objects where the actual size of one object is known
Proportion relates to the general size of two objects without information regarding their actual sizes (or scales).
Scale refers to the relationship between two or more objects, one that has a commonly known size. In most cases, the size of objects is compared to our own human scale
For example, chairs have been scaled to fit our bodies.
Proportion is a word often used interchangeably with scale although there is one subtle difference between the two definitions.
While the word scale implies the comparison of objects where the actual size of one object is known, proportion relates to the general size of two objects without information regarding their actual sizes (or scales).
In this picture, the scale of the chair is slightly too large for the space.

10. This room is an example of proper scale
This room is an example of proper scale. Notice how all of the furniture is the same scale/

11. Contrast
Contrast is the use of opposite or unlike elements to emphasize differences and add interest.
Contrast can define your focal point, and prevents your interior from looking too uniform.
The challenge is to balance contrast, so as to maintain a sense of overall unity.
Add contrast in small doses; be careful not to overdo it and thus upset a sense of harmony of parts and overall unity.

12. CONTRAST OF HUE
The greater the distance between hues on a color wheel, the greater the contrast.
A great example of contrast of hue is yellow-red-blue. 

13. LIGHT-DARK CONTRAST
It is based on the use of different brightnesses and tone values of the colors.
All colors can be lightened with white, and darkened with black.
Example: black-white or red - brown

14. WARM-COLD CONTRAST Warm colors make large rooms cozier.
Cool colors can help make a small room seem larger.
Using the cold-warm contrast brings balance to room.
Warm colors make large rooms cozier.
Cool colors can help make a small room seem larger.
Using the cold-warm contrast brings balance to room.
So, if you want your room to be cozy, have warm colors as the dominant ones and add a few elements with cool colors to balance them / or vice versa

15. COMPLEMENTARY CONTRAST
In the color wheel, the complementary colors occupy opposite positions.
For example, yellow-violet, blue –orange, & red-green
When adjacent, complementary colors mutually intensify their luminosity. 

16. SIMULTANTEOUS CONTRAST
Its effect is derived from the law of complementary colors, according to which each pure color physiologically demands its opposite color
If one color is absent, the eye will produce it simultaneously.
Strong green makes neutral grey next to it appear reddish-grey, whereas the effect of strong red on the same grey is a greenish-grey appearance
Its effect is derived from the law of complementary colors, according to which each pure color physiologically demands its opposite color – its complement.
If this color is absent, the eye will produce it simultaneously.
Strong green makes neutral grey next to it appear reddish-grey, whereas the effect of strong red on the same grey is a greenish-grey appearance

17. CONTRAST OF SATURATION
This is a contrast between luminous and dull colors.
Colors can be subdued by the addition of black, white, grey or complementary colors.

18. Dominance
Dominance may seem similar to proportion but is actually more to do with the visual weight of an element.
The dominant part of a composition is the one that stands out the most or appears closest to you.
There are 3 stages of dominance: dominant, sub-dominant and subordinate.

19. DOMINANCE
Dominant is the primary object/area, the one with the most visual weight, usually appearing in the foreground.
Sub-dominant refers to the secondary object/area, usually found in the middle ground of the composition.
Subordinate objects/areas carry little visual weight and usually appear to recede into the background of the composition.

20. DOMINANCE
In this photo, notice how your eye is drawn toward the artwork in the room. The artwork would be considered dominant.
The chairs and the couch are the next objects your eyes are drawn to: therefore they are considered sub-dominant.
Objects such as the wall and the door are subordinate objects because they tend to recede into the background.

21. Rhythm
Rhythm is defined as continuous, recurrent, or organized movement.
It allows for underlying unity and evolving variety in a design.
We can create rhythm in 5 different ways…

22. Rhythm by Repetition Can be achieved through…
Repeated shapes, colors, textures, or patterns.
Alteration of shapes, color, textures, or patterns.
Continuous related movement…
Natural textures and patterns of the earth.

23. Rhythm by Gradation
Completed by increasing or decreasing one or more qualities.
It suggests an onward motion by successive changes toward a goal.

24. Rhythm by Transition Often subtle.
Leads the eye in a gentle, continuous, uninterrupted visual flow from one area to another or object to another.
Curved lines are a sign of transition.

25. Rhythm by Opposition
The direct placement of forms or colors to create opposition by an abrupt change.
Ornate objects placed in quiet backgrounds
Old versus new
Round forms next to square ones
Red next to green (complementary colors)
Intersecting lines

26. Rhythm by Radiation
All parts of a composition are balanced and repeated around a center.
Petals of a daisy
Chairs around a table
Circular objects such as plates, bowls, light fixtures, textile patterns, hanging plants and chandeliers
Not used as frequently as other types.

27. Rhythm The key to rhythm is continuity….
The organized movement of recurring or developing patterns into a connected whole.
It’s all about the movement!

28. Where do you see rhythm?