1. B5

2. How do organisms develop?
How are multicellular organisms different to single celled organisms?
Cells in multicellular organisms are specialised to do particular jobs
Groups of specialised cells are called....
Tissues
Groups of tissues form
Organs

3. How do organisms develop?
What is a fertilised egg cell called?
Zygote
By what process does the zygote divide?
Mitosis
What does the dividing zygote form?
Embryo
What are the cells called at the embryonic stage?
Embryonic stem cells
What is unique about these cells?
Identical and unspecialised, can develop into any type of cell required by the organism
What happens after the 8 cell stage?
Most of the embryo cells become specialised and form different types of what?
Tissue

4. How do organisms develop?
What happens to some of the adult cells as the foetus develops?
Remain unspecialised (adult stem cells) and can become specialised at a later stage
What is a limitation with adult stem cells?
Can only develop into a limited number of cell types

5. How do organisms develop? - Plants
What are the regions in a plant called where cells are mitotically active?
Meristems
What does “mitotically active” mean?
Cells can divide by mitosis
What are meristem cells?
Unspecialised plant stem cells
What do meristem cells and embryonic stem cells have in common?
Both can specialise into ANY cell type

6. How do organisms develop? - Plants
What type of tissue can meristem cells turn into?
Any – xylem, phloem, flowers, stem, leaves, roots
Why does the presence of meristem cells make cloning plants easy?
Plant tips contain meristem cells and so you can cut a tip and re-grow the cutting as it will contain meristem cells that can produce any tissue type

7. How do organisms develop? - Plants
What do we call the cuttings from the parent plant?
Clones
Why is the process of taking cuttings an advantage for farmers?
Grow plants quickly with DESIRABLE FEATURES

8. How do organisms develop? - Plants
What hormone can promote the growth of roots on a cutting?
Auxin
Explain PHOTOTROPISM
Growth towards light
When directional light falls on a plant stem
Meristem cells in the tip will allow growth
Auxins in the tip will diffuse to the darker side of the stem
Diffuse along the darker side
Auxin promote rapid cell growth along the darker side
Stem grows quicker along the darker side
Stem grows/bends towards the light

9. How do organisms develop? - Plants
Why is phototropism so important to a plant?
Ensures a plant’s survival as it maximises the amount of sunlight the plant absorbs for photosynthesis – increases growth
Auxin diffuses away from the light

10. How does an organism produce new cells?
Mitosis:
What type of cell is produced from mitosis?
Cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
What two things occur during cell growth?
Number of organelles (structures in cells e.g. Mitochondria) increase
Chromosomes are copied – two strands of DNA separate and new strands form alongside them

11. How does an organism produce new cells?
What two things occur during mitosis?
Copies of the chromosomes separate
Nucleus divides
What type of cell is produced from meiosis?
Cells that are gametes – have half the chromosomes of the parent cell and so are not genetically identical
Explain how a zygote obtains a full set of chromosomes
The zygote has a full set of chromosomes as the zygote has chromosomes from each parent (from each gamete)

12. How does an organism produce new cells?
Why does an organism produce new cells?
Growth and repair
Meiosis is a type of cell division that takes place in humans.
Use ideas about chromosomes to describe how cells made by meiosis are different from cells made by mitosis, and why this is important
Cells made by meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell but cells made by mitosis have the same number of chromosomes.
This is important because meiosis produces gametes, which fuse with other gametes during fertilisation to make a cell/zygote with the correct number of chromosomes

13. How do genes control growth and development within the cell?
What structure does the DNA molecule have?
Double helix
What are the four DNA bases and how do they pair up?
A with T
G with C
Why is the order of the DNA bases so important?
Genetic code for the production of a protein (contains instructions for producing proteins)
Where is the genetic code in a cell?
Nucleus

14. How do genes control growth and development within the cell?
What is a gene?
Section of DNA that contains the instructions to produce a particular protein in a cell
What is an amino acid?
Chemical unit that makes up a protein
How many different amino acids are there? 20
How are there so many different proteins produced in a cell?
The specific order of the amino acids produces different proteins
Where are proteins made in the cell?
Cytoplasm

15. How do genes control growth and development within the cell?
Explain how the order of bases in a gene produces a specific sequence of amino acids to make a particular protein
Every three bases is called a triplet
Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid
So the order of the bases decides which amino acid is produced
The order of the triplets decides the order of the amino acids
Called triplet code

16. How do genes control growth and development within the cell?
How does the triplet code in the nucleus produce a protein in the cytoplasm?
Two DNA strands unzip
A copy of the gene is made as a molecule of mRNA
Molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) is made using one strand of the DNA as a template
mRNA molecule is smaller than the DNA molecule so can move out of the nucleus through the nuclear membrane
Joins onto a ribosome in the cytoplasm
The ribosome joins amino acids together, in the order shown on the mRNA molecule
This amino acid chain forms a protein

17. How do genes control growth and development within the cell?
Why aren’t the same proteins produced in ALL cells?
Genes are switched off in certain cells. The cells produces only the specific proteins they need
Only the genes that are needed for the cell to function are switched on
What is unique about embryonic stem cells?
Any gene can be switched on during development to produce any type of specialised cell

18. How do genes control growth and development within the cell?
How can these stem cells be useful in medicine?
Can be manipulated to produce cells to replace damaged tissue
People with blood diseases e.g. Leukaemia can be given bone marrow transplants
Bone marrow contains adult stem cells that can produce new blood cells to replace cancerous ones

19. How do genes control growth and development within the cell?
How can cloning be used to make stem cells?
Take an egg cell and remove the nucleus
Take a body cell from the adult patient and remove the nucleus
Place the nucleus from the body cell into the empty egg cell
Under the right conditions, inactive genes can be switched on in the nucleus to form an embryo
Stem cells from the embryo can then be used to form new tissue
Can switch on inactive genes in the stem cells to form different tissue types