1. End Show Slide 1 of 32 biology Mr. Karns Mendel the Father of modern Genetics

2. End Show Slide 2 of 32 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Mendel

3. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 3 of 32 Gregor Mendel’s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. His work was important to the understanding of heredity. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden peas. Gregor Mendel’s Peas

4. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 4 of 32 Gregor Mendel’s Peas Mendel knew that the male part of each flower produces pollen, (containing sperm). the female part of the flower produces egg cells.

5. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 5 of 32 Gregor Mendel’s Peas During sexual reproduction, sperm and egg cells join in a process called fertilization. Fertilization produces a new cell.

6. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 6 of 32 Gregor Mendel’s Peas Pea flowers are self-pollinating. Sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the same flower. The seeds that are produced by self-pollination inherit all of their characteristics from the single plant that bore them.

7. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 7 of 32 Gregor Mendel’s Peas Mendel had true-breeding pea plants that, if allowed to self-pollinate, would produce offspring identical to themselves. Mendel wanted to produce seeds by joining male and female reproductive cells from two different plants. He cut away the pollen-bearing male parts of the plant and dusted the plant’s flower with pollen from another plant.

8. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 8 of 32 Gregor Mendel’s Peas This process is called cross- pollination. Mendel was able to produce seeds that had two different parents.

9. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 9 of 32 Genes and Dominance A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.

10. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 10 of 32 Genes and Dominance Mendel studied seven pea plant traits, each with two contrasting characters. He crossed plants with each of the seven contrasting characters and studied their offspring.

11. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 11 of 32 Genes and Dominance Each original pair of plants is the P (parental) generation. The offspring are called the F 1, or “first filial,” generation. The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called hybrids. The F 1 hybrid plants all had the character of only one of the parents.

12. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 12 of 32 Genes and Dominance Mendel’s F 1 Crosses on Pea Plants Table 14.1

13. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 13 of 32 Look at his actual numbers from his data!! Table 14.1

14. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 14 of 32 Genes and Dominance Mendel’s F 1 Crosses on Pea Plants

15. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 15 of 32 Genes and Dominance Mendel’s Seven F 1 Crosses on Pea Plants Mendel’s F 1 Crosses on Pea Plants

16. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 16 of 32 Genes and Dominance Mendel's first conclusion was that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next. Today, scientists call the factors that determine traits genes.

17. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 17 of 32 Genes and Dominance Each of the traits Mendel studied was controlled by one gene that occurred in two contrasting forms that produced different characters for each trait. The different forms of a gene are called alleles. Mendel’s second conclusion is called the principle of dominance.

18. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 18 of 32 Genes and Dominance What is the principle of dominance?

19. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 19 of 32 Genes and Dominance The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.

20. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 20 of 32 Genes and Dominance An organism with a dominant allele for a trait will always exhibit that form of the trait. An organism with the recessive allele for a trait will exhibit that form only when the dominant allele for that trait is not present.

21. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 21 of 32 Segregation What happens during segregation?

22. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 22 of 32 Segregation Mendel crossed the F 1 generation with itself to produce the F 2 (second filial) generation. The traits controlled by recessive alleles reappeared in one fourth of the F 2 plants.

23. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 23 of 32 Mendel's F 2 Generation P Generation F 1 Generation Tall Short F 2 Generation Segregation

24. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 24 of 32 Segregation Mendel assumed that a dominant allele had masked the corresponding recessive allele in the F 1 generation. The trait controlled by the recessive allele showed up in some of the F 2 plants.

25. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 25 of 32 Segregation The reappearance of the trait controlled by the recessive allele indicated that at some point the allele for shortness had been separated, or segregated, from the allele for tallness.

26. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 26 of 32 Segregation Mendel suggested that the alleles for tallness and shortness in the F 1 plants segregated from each other during the formation of the sex cells, or gametes.

27. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 27 of 32 Segregation When each F 1 plant flowers and produces gametes, the two alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. Therefore, each F 1 plant produces two types of gametes—those with the allele for tallness, and those with the allele for shortness.

28. End Show 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 28 of 32 Segregation Alleles separate during gamete formation.

29. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 29 of 32 11-1

30. End Show Slide 30 of 32 11-1 Gametes are also known as a.genes. b.sex cells. c.alleles. d.hybrids.

31. End Show Slide 31 of 32 11-1 The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called a.alleles. b.hybrids. c.gametes. d.dominant.

32. End Show Slide 32 of 32 11-1 In Mendel’s pea experiments, the male gametes are the a.eggs. b.seeds. c.pollen. d.sperm.

33. End Show Slide 33 of 32 11-1 In a cross of a true-breeding tall pea plant with a true-breeding short pea plant, the F 1 generation consists of a.all short plants. b.all tall plants. c.half tall plants and half short plants. d.all plants of intermediate height.

34. End Show Slide 34 of 32 11-1 If a particular form of a trait is always present when the allele controlling it is present, then the allele must be a.mixed. b.recessive. c.hybrid. d.dominant.

35. END OF SECTION