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Phil Hurvitz Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure.

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1 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 1 What does any of this have to do with GIS?! What this paper is (and is not) Who this paper is for (and is not) The Secure Shell (ssh) General Overview

2 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 2 Many organizations, most notably those needing “industrial strength” GIS, still use UNIX Many components of the Network still rely on UNIX servers What does any of this have to do with GIS?!

3 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 3 An introduction to securing UNIX servers, clients, and networks with the Secure Shell (ssh) A description of typical ssh setup An overview of some sample Windows ssh clients What this paper is

4 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 4 A general discussion of UNIX security A detailed introduction to all of ssh functionality (for details, see http://www.ssh.com ) What this paper is not

5 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 5 Anyone administering UNIX servers Anyone using UNIX servers who is concerned about security Who this paper is for

6 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 6 UNIX security experts People not using UNIX as “active” clients or servers People using UNIX only as anonymous ftp or http servers Who this paper is not for

7 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 7 Why use ssh? What is ssh? How does ssh work? Setting up ssh Running the ssh as a process on the UNIX server User setup (Key generation) Tunneling other services through ssh Windows ssh Clients Detailed Overview

8 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 8 Out-of-the-box UNIX networking is inherently insecure Why Use ssh? INSECURE !

9 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 9 Out-of-the-box UNIX networking is inherently insecure Why Use ssh? INSECURE !

10 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 10 Out-of-the-box UNIX networking is inherently insecure Why Use ssh? INSECURE !

11 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 11 Out-of-the-box UNIX networking is inherently insecure Why Use ssh? INSECURE !

12 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 12 Why is out-of-the-box UNIX networking inherently insecure? User-IDs and Passwords are sent across the wire in CLEAR TEXT! Why Use ssh?

13 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 13 request for login, X, or file services service “wakes up” Client (UNIX, Wintel)Server (UNIX) request for user-id request for password service offers authentication challenge client responds with user-id & password user-id and password sent across wire in clear text server authenticates and provides service client uses service Out-of-the-box UNIX Networking

14 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 14 Any UNIX machine on the subnet can log user-ids and passwords from ftp or telnet sessions Use of snoop, sniffit, snort, or other packet sniffers How Insecure is Telnet or ftp? linux machine running snoop as root subnet

15 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 15 How Insecure is Telnet or ftp? phurvitz 12345671017 19 25 52 password: *******

16 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 16 How Insecure is Telnet or ftp? space:~tmp/log:172# snoop -i snoop.out 23 0.00026 badass -> lobo TELNET R port=34844 login: 25 1.70087 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 p 28 0.25049 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 h 30 0.03874 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 u 33 0.02809 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 r 36 0.17347 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 v 39 0.06427 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 i 42 0.06775 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 t 45 0.16108 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 z 50 0.04550 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 51 0.00027 badass -> lobo TELNET R port=34844 Password: 53 1.06545 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 f 55 0.20479 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 u 57 0.13032 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 c 59 0.41778 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 k 61 0.19929 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 m 63 0.04144 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 e 65 0.95020 lobo -> badass TELNET C port=34844 ! 75 0.13021 badass -> lobo TELNET R port=34844 Login incorrect\r\n

17 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 17 How Insecure is Telnet or ftp? space:~tmp/log:172# snoop -i snoop.out 1 0.00000 lobo -> badass FTP C port=34851 2 0.00046 badass -> lobo FTP R port=34851 3 0.00039 lobo -> badass FTP C port=34851 8 0.10195 badass -> lobo FTP R port=34851 220 wa-node FTP serv 9 0.00034 lobo -> badass FTP C port=34851 10 2.47434 lobo -> badass FTP C port=34851 USER phurvitz\r\n 11 0.00025 badass -> lobo FTP R port=34851 12 0.01501 badass -> lobo FTP R port=34851 331 Password require 13 0.04388 lobo -> badass FTP C port=34851 17 4.49758 lobo -> badass FTP C port=34851 PASS oh-shit\r\n

18 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 18 A method to avoid passing clear text user-ids & passwords A method of using strong (e.g., 1024 bit) encryption for user authentication A replacement for telnet, rsh, rlogin, rcp A method of encrypting arbitrary TCP/IP data transmissions (e.g., X11, ftp, Z39.50) What is ssh?

19 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 19 Uses public key encryption Encryption key is public, but decryption key is private User-ids and passwords are never passed in clear text How Does ssh Work?

20 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 20 request for login, X, or file services ssh service “wakes up” Client (UNIX, Wintel)Server (UNIX) request for user-id request for passphrase ssh service offers authentication challenge client responds with user-id & passphrase user-id and passphrase sent across wire 1024-bit encrypted passphrase and public key are compared against private key client uses service; subsequent communication is encrypted ssh UNIX Networking

21 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 21 Download Compile Enable ssh1 compatibility Setting Up ssh

22 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 22 Visit www.ssh.com or mirror Get latest ssh1 and ssh2 server/client tarballs Get latest Windows ssh client Downloading ssh

23 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 23 Compile ssh1 Compile ssh2 Setting Up ssh root@badass 175#./configure --with-x loading cache./config.cache checking distribution consistency... done checking host system type... sparc-sun-solaris2.7... root@badass 176# make make all-recursive Making all in lib Making all in sshutil Making all in sshcore Making all in sshadt... root@badass 176# make install...

24 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 24 Enable ssh1 compatibility Setting Up ssh root@badass 120# grep -i ssh1 ssh2_config... Ssh1Compatibility yes Ssh1Path /usr/local/bin/ssh1... root@badass 121# grep -i ssh1 sshd2_config... Ssh1Compatibility yes Sshd1Path /usr/local/bin/ssh1...

25 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 25 Set up as daemon to start at boot or Set up as inetd process “Encase” in TCP Wrappers Running ssh as a process on the UNIX server

26 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 26 Create/copy an existing startup script in /etc/init.d Create a symlink to S... and K... scripts in /etc/rc3.d Start the sshd daemon The sshd daemon will respond to incoming ssh requests sshd will offer an authentication challenge across an encrypted channel sshd will spawn a new shell, but across an encrypted channel Setting Up ssh as a Daemon

27 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 27 Alter the /etc/inet/inetd.conf file: ssh stream tcp nowait root \ /usr/local/sbin/sshd sshd -I Alter the /etc/inet/services file: ssh 22/tcp Restart the inetd daemon A new ssh process will start for each client request Setting Up ssh as an inetd Process

28 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 28 Compile with TCP Wrapper support./configure \ --with-libwrap=/usr/local/lib/libwrap.a Alter Makefile -I/PATHOF/tcpwrappers WRAPLIBS = -L/PATHOF/tcpwrappers -lwrap Alter /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny Run ssh2 as a daemon Connections will be logged to /var/log/syslog “Encasing” ssh in TCP Wrappers

29 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 29 Create key pairs Set up important authorization files Copy public keys to remote hosts User Setup

30 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 30 ssh-keygen and/or ssh-keygen2 (creates private key and public key) Only owner has private key Public key is available to anyone Data are encrypted with public key Decryption is possible only with the private key Private key is encrypted with the passphrase in case of file system security breach Create key pairs

31 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 31 copy all personal public keys to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys Setup of Authorization Files under ssh1

32 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 32 edit a few important files in ~/.ssh2 Setup of Authorization Files under ssh2

33 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 33 Tunneling Other Services Through ssh ssh MS or UNIX client UNIX server tcptcptcptcptcptcptcptcptcptcptcptcp sniffer x network is “shielded” by ssh

34 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 34 Native X11 is an insecure channel, however,... X11 can be tunneled through ssh X11 forwarding must be compiled in (default) DISPLAY variable should not be set manually New DISPLAY variable will be “ host:X.0 ” (where X > 0) X11 displays will forward from host to client through ssh If local X server is running (e.g., eXceed), X displays are automatically forwarded to PC X11 tunneling is default behavior if X11 support is compiled in ssh +x host Tunneling X11 Through ssh

35 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 35 UNIX client Set up a forwarded port myhost% ssh -L 1234:host:21 host myhost% ftp localhost 1234 ftp transmissions take place through encrypted channel Windows client Use client’s tcp forwarding (discussed later for each Windows client) Tunneling ftp Through ssh

36 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 36 TeraTerm MindTerm SSH Secure Shell Others exist... http://www.slurping.com/ssh.html Windows ssh Clients

37 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 37 Free telnet & ssh1 client Uses ssh1 protocol Can tunnel services (e.g., X11, ftp) Basic TeraTerm: http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA002416/teraterm.html TeraTerm with ssh: http://www.zipworld.com.au/~roca/ttssh.html TeraTerm

38 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 38 TeraTerm with ssh ssh support functionality is just like any basic telnet

39 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 39 TeraTerm Port Forwarding automatic X11 forwarding

40 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 40 MindTerm Free telnet-like ssh1 client Written entirely in Java ( => can be made into a Web client) Uses ssh1 protocol Can tunnel services (e.g., X11, ftp) Built-in scp1 (secure copy) Download: http://www.mindbright.se Needs Java client on PC http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/java/download.html

41 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 41 MindTerm

42 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 42 MindTerm ftp Tunneling indicate local port to use indicate remote port for forwarding indicate remote host indicate protocol

43 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 43 MindTerm scp (secure copy) copy from copy to recursive to copy entire directories progress indication secure copy of files across ssh-encrypted channel

44 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 44 SSH Secure Shell Free (for non-profit) telnet-like ssh2 client Uses ssh2 protocol only (more secure) Built-in graphical scp2 Can tunnel services (e.g., X11, ftp) Download: http://www.ssh.com

45 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 45 SSH Secure Shell

46 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 46 SSH Secure Shell X11 forwarding

47 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 47 SSH Secure Shell ftp (or other port) forwarding

48 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 48 local file system drag-and-drop to host ssh host file system SSH Secure Shell scp

49 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 49 ssh ftp Forwarding Create an ssh local port redirection to the ftp port on remote host Use Windows ftp client Connect to localhost ( 127.0.0.1 ) Use local port from redirection (e.g. 1200 ) Use Passive Mode

50 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 50 ssh ftp Forwarding

51 Phil Hurvitz phurvitz@u.washington.eduhttp://lobo.cfr.washington.edu phil@nwgeospatial.com http://www.nwgeospatial.com Securing UNIX Servers with the Secure Shell (ssh) 51 Conclusion As the Internet grows in size and number of users, expect security to become more of an issue Using ssh can greatly increase the security of your network Using ssh is fairly straightforward Cost-to-benefit ratio for security is high; software is free, the only cost is administrator and user time & effort

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