1. Promoting conservation and public goods provision Lecture 29. Economics of Food Markets Alan Matthews

2. What we want to learn The methods which can be used to value the positive environmental benefits of agriculture to help decide how much to purchase The range of policy instruments available to encourage the provision of positive environmental externalities from land management

3. The environmental reference level What is a benefit? What is environmental pollution? –Polluter pays concept is a social construct –Wetlands – farmers vs environmentalists –Preservation of tropical rain forests –Access to farmland for recreation –Traditional farm buildings –Animal welfare Good of Good Farming Practice defines the current reference level

4. Measuring environmental benefits Different kinds of value –Use value –Option value –Existence value –Bequest value

5. Assessing willingness to pay Travel cost method –Restricted to measuring use value by visitors Hedonic price method –Restricted to measuring use value by those who trade in land or houses Contingent valuation method –Only method to measure non-use values –Potential biases Benefit transfer techniques

6. Conservation instruments Education and voluntary stewardship –Huge amount of environmental goods provided as a result of sense of stewardship –Suggests potential for education as a conservation instrument –But also suggests that compensation payments could undermine this ethical approach

7. Conservation instruments Financial incentives –Management agreements with individual farmers (UK Wildlife and Countryside Act) –Flat rate universal schemes (Irish REPS) –Tiered competitive tendering schemes (UK Countryside Stewardship Scheme)

8. Conservation instruments Cross-compliance –Becomes possible with shift from market price support to direct payments –Increases the public return from direct payments –But may legitimise direct payments which otherwise would be hard to justify

9. Conservation instruments Planning designation –Are farmers entitled to compensation for restrictions? (raises the environmental reference level again) –But what if the value of the resource depends on active management? Public acquisition –National Parks –Conservation easements

10. General principles Assign priority to agri-environment services which are more highly valued or which can be provided at lower cost Targeting is desirable, but there is a trade- off with administration and monitoring costs Importance of farmer participation and awareness