1. Chapter 8 Charges in Magnetic Fields

2. Introduction In the previous chapter it was observed that a current carrying wire observed a force when in a magnetic field This force is experienced by any moving charge in a magnetic field

3. Introduction In applications where this interaction is used, the charges are moving through near vacuum so that relatively free motion can occur across that space (low electrical resistance)

4. 8.1 FORCES ON A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

5. Factors Affecting the Force When a charged particle is in a magnetic field, the force on the charged particle depends on the following factors: –The magnitude and direction of the velocity of the particle –The magnitude and sign of the charge on the particle –The magnetic field strength

6. Factors Affecting the Force There is no interaction between a magnetic field and a stationary particle Stationary charges do not generate a magnetic field to interact with the magnetic field they are in The electric field created by the charged particle does not interact with the magnetic field

7. The force on a Charged Particle Moving in a Magnetic field

8. The rate of flow of charge is taken from a point: e.g. if a current of 2A is flowing through a circuit, 2 coulombs of charge passes any point in the circuit each second

9. The force on a Charged Particle Moving in a Magnetic field This idea can be extended to point charges: –If one alpha particle (q = 3.2x10 -19 C) passes a point in one second, then the average current is 3.2x10 -19 A past that point –If one alpha particle (q = 3.2x10 -19 C) passes a point in two seconds, then the average current is 1.6x10 -19 A past that point

10. The force on a Charged Particle Moving in a Magnetic field The force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field from the formula: F = IΔl B sinθ However to apply this to a charged particle, we need to consider how to define IΔl

11. The force on a Charged Particle Moving in a Magnetic field

13. As with a current carrying wire in a magnetic field –the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field is maximum when it is travelling perpendicular to the field –the force in a charge moving parallel or anti-parallel to the field is zero

14. The direction of the magnetic force The direction of magnetic force on a moving charge in a magnetic field can be found using the right- hand palm rule However, the thumb points in the direction of conventional current (positive charge flow) This means that the thumb points in the opposite direction to the motion of a negative charge

15. Class problems Conceptual questions: 1-4 Descriptive questions: 2 Analytical questions: 2

16. 8.2 MOTION AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE FIELD

17. Motion at Directions other than 90° to the Magnetic Field Charged particles moving parallel to a magnetic field experience no magnetic force, and therefore move with constant velocity Motion at angles θ to the magnetic field are more complex and are not included in the syllabus Only charges moving perpendicular to the field are considered in this course

18. Motion at Directions other than 90° to the Magnetic Field Example of motion at an angle to the magnetic field http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2_wUDBl-g8

19. Motion of Charged Particles at Right Angles to the Magnetic Field In the diagram shown, a charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field directed into the page Using the right hand rule, the force is acting towards the top of the page

20. Motion of Charged Particles at Right Angles to the Magnetic Field As the particle changes direction, so does the direction of the magnetic force acting on it Since the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity, the speed of the particle does not change

21. Motion of Charged Particles at Right Angles to the Magnetic Field This motion is uniform circular motion Charged particles moving at right angles to a magnetic field always follow a circular path

22. Determination of the Radius of the Circular Path

24. Class problems Conceptual questions: 4, 8, 10 Descriptive questions: 4 Analytical questions: 1, 3-4, 6-9

25. 8.3 APPLICATION: THE CYCLOTRON

26. Introduction The acceleration of charged particles to very high speeds, and hence very high energies, is essential in many fields It is particularly useful in atomic and nuclear physics, and in medical research, diagnosis and treatment

27. Introduction The most obvious way to do this is to pass the charged particle though a potential difference Passing a proton through a potential difference of 1000V will result in a gain of 1000eV in kinetic energy However we often require energies of MeV (10 6 eV) to GeV (10 9 eV)

28. Introduction We can accomplish higher energies by passing particles through a series of potential differences Passing an electron 100 times in succession through 1000V is equivalent to passing it through 100,000V

29. Introduction To accelerate particles to energies in a linear accelerator to GeV energies requires a series of thousands of potential differences This is impractical due to the sheer size of accelerator needed Use of a cyclotron reduces the size of the accelerator considerably

30. Components of a cyclotron Ion source: A source of protons to be accelerated Semi-circular metal containers (Dees): Two terminals of alternating potential difference between which the protons are accelerated Ion source

31. Components of a cyclotron Vacuum chamber: The interior of the cyclotron is housed in an evacuated chamber High frequency input: The source of alternating potential difference Ion source

32. Components of a cyclotron Electromagnets: The South pole of an electromagnet is below the Dees, and the North pole of another electromagnet is above, this generates a uniform magnetic field for the circular motion

33. Principles of Operation The protons are accelerated towards the negatively charged Dee Within the Dee they experience circular acceleration due to the magnetic field

34. Principles of Operation The electric field does not exist in the Dees because they are effectively hollow conductors

35. Principles of Operation When the proton leaves the Dee, the potential difference is reversed, accelerating the proton towards the other Dee

36. Principles of Operation This process repeats many times, each time the proton is accelerated across the gap between the Dees, the radius gets larger

37. Principles of Operation The proton is eventually removed from the cyclotron using electrodes

38. Computational Considerations

41. Some Uses of Cyclotrons The plutonium used to make the first atomic bomb was made by bombarding Uranium 238 with deuterons Production of isotopes to use in nuclear medicine –Injecting radioactive isotopes into organs and detecting them with gamma ray detectors –Positron decay from Nitrogen-13 used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

42. Class problems Conceptual questions: 10-13, 15 Descriptive questions: 12, 14, 18 Analytical questions: 8, 10, 11