1. Emotions and Motivations week 7

2. Emotions and feeling
Affect guides behavior, helps us make decisions has a major impact on our mental and physical health…

3. Emotions and feeling
An emotion is a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behavior.
A motivation is a driving force that initiates and directs behavior.
Biological /food, water, se.../
personal and social
for social approval and acceptance,
to achieve,
to take, or to avoid taking risks

4. Fundamental emotions
the basic emotions are: anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise

5. The basic emotions are determined
the limbic system, including the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus

7. Emotions
relation with:
Needs
Interest
Satisfaction

8. Emotions The Oxford English Dictionary
defines emotion as
“any agitation or disturbance of mind, feeling, passion, any vehement or excited mental state”.

9. Mental (or emotional) States
Mood
Affect
Stress
Emotion
Frustration
Passion
Biological emotions (according to the needs)

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11. E m o t i o n s
According to some theorists the following clusters or groups of emotion are universal:
Anger: fury, outrage, resentment, wrath, exasperation, indignation, vexation, acrimony, animosity, annoyance, irritability, hostility, and perhaps at the extreme, pathological hatred and violence
Sadness: grief, sorrow, cheerlessness, gloom, melancholy, self-pity, loneliness, dejection, despair, and when pathological, depression

12. E m o t i o n s
Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, concern, consternation, misgiving, wariness, qualm, edginess, dread, fright, terror, and when pathological - phobia and panic
Enjoyment: happiness, joy, relief, contentment, bliss, delight, amusement, pride, sensual pleasure, thrill, rapture, gratification, satisfaction, euphoria, whimsy, ecstasy, and when pathological , mania

13. E m o t i o n s
a. Love: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affinity, devotion, adoration, infatuation, agape
b. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, wonder
c. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, abhorrence, aversion, distaste
d. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, humiliation, regret, mortification, and contrition

14. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1. Self- actualization needs
(Need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential)
2. Esteem needs
a. Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence;
b. Need for recognition and respect from others
3. Belongingness and love needs
a. Need to love and to be loved, to belong and be accepted;
b. To avoid loneliness and alienation
4. Safety needs
a. Need to feel that world is organized and predictable;
b. Need to feel safe, secure, and stable
5. Psychological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
There is a different classification of motives that pull us toward activity. They are grouped by few criteria

15. Theories of motivation Drive-reduction theory
is a need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direst it toward a goal
Theories of motivation
Instincts
Drive-reduction theory
Optimum arousal

16. The Secondary Emotions
The cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions—known as cognitive appraisal—allow us to experience a much larger and more complex set of secondary emotions.

17. Emotions and motivation
involve arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). “hot”—they “charge,” “drive,” or “move” our behavior

18. Emotions or strong motivations
the sympathetic nervous system provides us with energy to respond to our environment
the liver puts extra sugar into the bloodstream, the heart pumps more blood,
respiration increases,
we begin to perspire to cool the body.
The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released

19. The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
James-Lange
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience.
Schachter & Singer
 the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be.
an arousal factor and a cognitive factor
Emotion = arousal + cognition

20. Conclusions
Emotions are the normally adaptive mental and physiological feeling states that direct our attention and guide our behavior.
Emotional states are accompanied by arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Motivations are forces that guide behavior. They can be biological, such as hunger and thirst; personal, such as the motivation for achievement; or social, such as the motivation for acceptance and belonging.

21. Conclusions
The most fundamental emotions, known as the basic emotions, are those of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
Cognitive appraisal allows us to also experience a variety of secondary emotions According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal.

22. Conclusions
According to the two-factor theory of emotion, the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, and the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be.
When people incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing, we say that they have misattributed their arousal.
We express our emotions to others through nonverbal behaviors, and we learn about the emotions of others by observing them.