1. CONSCIOUSNESS

2. Did you know...
World Record – Longest period of time a human has intentionally gone without sleep (no stimulants)
Randy Gardner (1964) 17-years old
264 Hours (11 days)
Held Press Conference on last day – spoke without slurring
Health was monitored – negative cognitive & behavioral changes were reported
After falling asleep – slept 14 hours, 40 minutes.

3. Facts
Although some people insist they NEVER dream, research suggests EVERYONE dreams during the night
In sleep labs, people wakened from REM periods report % were dreaming w/ vivid & colorful images (even bizarre)

4. Consciousness refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings
Alertness to nonalertness
Not completely aware = altered state
i.e. sleep
Consciousness arises as the brain forms a model of the world that combines external stimulation with internal experience.
A construct is something we can’t see or touch, but evidence says it exits. Love is a construct.
Consciousness contains everything we will remember about ourselves and our world

5. FREUD’S LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Freud used the iceberg to explain his view of consciousness.
Unconscious thought can be seen in a young child: a jealous brother keeps undoing the bolts on his brother’s bicycle, but when caught, he really cant explain why he does it.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS would be feeling depressed but not knowing exactly why
Freud believed that the unconscious thought can control our behavior even though we have no awareness of their existence. He believed the unconscious is where we hide memories, emotions, and desires that cause us anxiety.
Freud said that we might repress (hide) something bad that happened to us (like being sexual abused) and that might manifest itself and cause problems later in life without us being aware.
Newer views of the unconscious say it may simply work on background tasks, like screening incoming sights, sounds, smells, etc.

6. Another way to think of attention and awareness is to think of the mind as analogous to a large but unlighted warehouse, and of attention as a flashlight that is anchored somewhere in the middle of the warehouse. The flashlight is able to shine a very bright but narrow beam of light wherever it is pointed (see Figure 2). The farther from the middle of the warehouse is an object, the more difficult it is to see with the flashlight. Objects in the corners and against the outer walls are impossible to see (the unconscious level).

7. SLEEP

8. During stage 1 sleep, which usually lasts about ten minutes, we lose perception of time. If you awaken someone in stage 1, you can fool them into believing they have been sleeping for hours.
You will go through the stages of sleep 4-6 times in a normal nights sleep.

9. NREM
NREM
NREM
NREM
The stages of sleep are not locked in permanetely. If you are deprived of sleep you may spend more time in deep sleep when you finally do sleep. If you are deprived of REM for a few ngihts (alcohol abuse can do this) you may fall into REM sleep more quickly and spend a high percentage of the night in REM sleep.

10. There are two (2) major types of sleep
REM sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming
This is the time when we will dream.
“Active sleep”
Have a friend close his/her eyes and then move their eyes around rapidly. This is similar to what your eyes look like during REM sleep.
When your body is paralyzed, it is called sleep paralysis and keeps us from acting out our dreams.
If you are keeping a dream journal and have been having trouble remembering dreams. Set your alarm for about an hour and forty minutes after you will fall asleep. You will be in a REM period and most likely dreaming when your alarm goes off.
15 minutes (beginning of night) to 45 minutes (end of night)
Your voluntary muscles are paralyzed.

11. Divided into 4 stages (first four)
NREM sleep. This stands for non-rapid eye movement and is the other type of sleep.
Where we spend the majority of our sleep time
Divided into 4 stages (first four)
Decreases in length as nights’ sleep progresses.
Bed-wetting, sleepwalking, and talking in one’s sleep all occur during NREM.
“Quiet sleep”

12. HOW MUCH SLEEP DO I NEED?

13. WHAT HAPPENS IF I DON’T GET SLEEP?
It can affect immune system
It can cause you to hallucinate
You will have less energy
Your cognitive performance can be affected

14. Texting and sleep
2010 Research – Average teen sends more than 100 texts per day
Major cause of sleep deprivation in teens
Texts may awaken you and decrease sleep
Playing games on your phone before bed can prevent sleep
Study showed that 77.5% of teens that text or surf web at night have trouble falling asleep
Can cause mood, behavior, and cognitive problems during the day including ADHD, anxiety, depression

15. Disrupting the circadian rhythm causes problems
24-hour biological clock; genetically programmed; regulates physiological responses
Disrupting the circadian rhythm causes problems
Sleep is regulated by environment/industrial clock, NOT your circadian rhythm
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS?

16. Problems that can result from disrupting the circadian clock
Accidents (body prepared for sleep, trying to stay awake to drive, alertness decreases)
Jet lag
illness

17. Your circadian rhythm for body temperature influences your sleep preferences

18. Treating Circadian Problems
Melatonin - supplements have been proven to help people sleep

19. DREAMS Everybody dreams
Often incorporate everyday activities into dreams
FREUD (Dream interpretation): Dreams have hidden meaning/reveal the unconscious
MANY DREAM THEORIES:
problem-solving theory
mental housecleaning/clean brain
extending waking life

20. Sleep Disorders Definition Associated with Insomnia Sleep Apnea
Failure to get enough sleep at night
Daytime - fatigue, impaired concentration, memory difficulty, lack of well-being
Sleep Apnea
Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing
Daytime - exhausted; chances of developing increases when overweight, use alcohol or sedatives
Narcolepsy
Suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day
Daytime – sleep attacks accompanied by REM sleep

21. NIGHTMARES & NIGHT TERRORS
Nightmares – unpleasant dreams occur during REM
Night terrors – sleep disruptions in stage IV; involve screaming, panic, confusion; often no memory of it
SLEEPWALKING
Most common in young children – will outgrow it
Linked to stress, fatigue, drug use

22. Sleep Disorders
Usually troublesome but highly treatable disorders - sleep is normal once it begins
Insomnia: sleeping less than one wishes to
Sleep-onset disorder - difficulty falling asleep when desired
Early-awakening insomnia – waking up too early or several times during night

23. Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy – rare sleep disorder
Effects one-half of 1%, impact is quite serious
Person suddenly, unexpectedly falls asleep during any activity or event
Dream sleep but not REM sleep
Affects those getting adequate sleep

24. Sleep Disorders
Sleep apnea – sudden, temporary interruption of breathing during sleep
Interruptions last longer than 20 seconds
Common in overweight and older adults
Causation may be
Too much relaxation of throat muscles
Temporary cessation of brain signals for breathing

25. Altered States of Consciousness
General characteristics
Distortions of perception
Intense positive emotions
Sense of unity
Illogical
Indescribable
Transcendent
Self-evident reality
Types of states
Meditation
During drug use
Moment of religious conversion
Unusual intense sexual orgasm

26. Altered States Meditation Roots in Buddhism
Many varieties of meditation
Simplest – relax, concentrate on breathing
Mantras – silent repetition of sounds or words with special meaning have calm effect
Transcendental state – achieved, desired altered state of consciousness
Natural remedy for stress-related problems

27. Altered States Mindfulness - focus awareness on present
Example: father concentrates on children, blocks out thoughts of work and other events
Mindfulness training may reduce mood disturbance during stressful experiences
Not all benefit from intense focusing on present
Psychologists have great interest in this

28. Altered States Hypnosis
Hypnotist’s voice talks or lulls person into altered state of consciousness
Typical characteristics
Relaxation
Hypnotic hallucinations
Hypnotic analgesia
Hypnotic age regression
Hypnotic control

29. HYPNOSIS
state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility
USES:
entertainment
pain reduction
quit smoking

30. MEDITATION
The focusing of attention to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation
USES:
lower blood pressure, heart rate
benefits vary greatly

31. DRUGS & CONSCIOUSNESS
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered states
Stimulants: elevate mood, increase energy & alertness
caffiene
cocaine
Meth
Depressants: slow down nervous system
alcohol
sleeping pills
Hallucinogens: change persons perception of reality
marijuana
LSD

32. MARIJUANA & ALCOHOL Marijuana Alcohol
the dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp (cannabis sativa) that produce altered states of consciousness
effects vary from person to person, situation to situation
studies suggest more dangerous to lungs than cigarette
disrupts memory formation
psychological addiction?
Alcohol
can loosen inhibitions
despite stimulating effect is a depressant
Can cause brain and liver damage
underage drinking has actually decreased