1. 2nd Quarterly Assessment Review Units 4 & 5
Module B Review
2nd Quarterly Assessment Review
Units 4 & 5

2. BIO.B.1.1
Describe the three stages of the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis.
Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division (i.e., mitosis or meiosis), cytokinesis.
Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions.

3. 15 1 2 13 7 12 11 10 8 9 3 5 4 14 6

4. Cells divide at different rates.
The rate of cell division varies with the need for that type of cell.
Some cells are unlikely to divide (in Gap 0/G0 of the cell cycle)
Example: neurons

5. Cell size is limited. Volume increases faster than surface area.
Cells need to stay small to allow diffusion and osmosis to work efficiently.

6. Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
Interphase: prepares the cell to divide. During interphase, the DNA is duplicated.
Prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear membrane disappears

7. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell

8. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
Telophase
Two nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell, the nuclear membranes reform, and the chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin

9. Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.
Cytoplasm separates
Animal cells: membrane pinches the two new cells apart
Plant cells: a cell plate (new cell wall) separates the two new cells

10. Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer.
Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors.
Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed.
Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors.

11. 5.4 – Asexual Reproduction
Key Concept:
Many organisms reproduce by cell division.

12. Binary fission is similar to mitosis.
Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent.
Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cells.
Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes.

13. Some eukaryotes reproduce by mitosis.
Budding forms a new organism from a small projection growing on the surface of the parent.
Fragmentation is the splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism.
Vegetative reproduction forms a new plant from the modification of a stem or underground structure on the parent plant.

14. Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.
Tissues are groups of cells that perform a similar function.
Organs are groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.
Organ systems are groups of organs that carry out similar functions.

15. Specialized cells perform specific functions.
Cells develop into their mature forms through the process of cell differentiation.
Cells differ because different combinations of genes are expressed.
A cell’s location in an embryo helps determine how it will differentiate.

16. 6.1 – Chromosomes & Meiosis
Key Concept:
Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

17. You have somatic cells and gametes.
Are body cells
Make up all cells in body except for egg and sperm cells
Not passed on to children
Gametes:
Are egg or sperm cells
Passed on to children

18. Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
(1) Autosomes: pairs 1 – 22; carry genes not related to the sex of an organism
(2) Homologous chromosomes:
pair of chromosomes; get one from
each parent; carry the same genes
but may have a different form of
the gene (example: one gene for
brown eyes and one gene for blue eyes)
(3) Sex chromosomes: pair 23; determines the sex of an animal; control the development of sexual characteristics

19. Somatic cells are diploid; gametes are haploid.
Diploid (2n)
Has two copies of each chromosome (1 from mother & 1 from father)
44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes
Somatic cells are diploid
Produced by mitosis
Haploid (1n)
Has one copy of each chromosome
22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome
Gametes are haploid
Produced by meiosis

20. Meiosis I Occurs after DNA has been replicated (copied)
Divides homologous chromosomes in four phases.

21. Meiosis II Divides sister chromatids in four phases.
DNA is not replicated between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

22. Mitosis Vs. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis One cell division
Homologous chromosomes do not pair up
Results in diploid cells
Daughter cells are identical to parent cell
Two cell divisions
Homologous chromosomes pair up (Metaphase I)
Results in haploid cells
Daughter cells are unique

23. Sexual reproduction creates unique combinations of genes.
Fertilization: Random, Increases unique combinations of genes
Independent assortment of chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes pair randomly along the cell equator
Crossing over
Exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes

24. BIO.B.1.2 Explain how genetic information is inherited.
Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information.
Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance.

25. DNA

26. There are 4 types of nitrogenous bases: thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine
The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in the four nucleotides.

27. Proteins carry out the process of replication.
DNA serves only as a template.
Enzymes and other proteins do the actual work of replication.
Process
1. Enzymes unzip the double helix.
2. Free-floating nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the template strand.
nucleotide
The DNA molecule unzips in both directions.

28. 3. DNA polymerase enzymes bond the nucleotides together to form the double helix.
1. Sugar Phosphate Backbone
3. DNA polymerase
4. new strand
2. Nitrogen bases

29. 4. Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand.
DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning one original strand and one new strand.
original strand
new strand
Two molecules of DNA

30. BIO.B.2.1 Compare Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (i.e., dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles).

31. Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics.
Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. (eye color, hair color)
Genetics is the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation.
Gregor Mendel showed that traits are inherited as discrete units.

32. The same gene can have many versions.
A gene is a piece of DNA that directs a cell to make a certain protein.
Each gene has a locus, a specific position on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

33. An allele is any alternative form of a gene occurring at a specific locus on a chromosome.
Each parent donates one allele for every gene.
Homozygous describes two alleles that are the same at a specific locus. Ex: (RR or rr)
Heterozygous describes two alleles that are different at a specific locus.Ex: (Rr)

34. Alleles can be represented using letters.
A dominant allele is expressed as a phenotype when at least one allele is dominant.
A recessive allele is expressed as a phenotype only when two copies are present.
Dominant alleles are represented by uppercase letters; recessive alleles by lowercase letters.

35. Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses.
The Punnett square is a grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross.
The axes represent the possible gametes of each parent.
The boxes show the possible genotypes of the offspring.
The Punnett square yields the ratio of possible genotypes and phenotypes.

36. Other Forms of Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance: 3rd new color (flowers)
Co dominance: together (cattle)
Sex Linked: XX XY (color blindness)
Pedigrees: circles and squares
Blood Types AA Ai, BB Bi, AB, ii
(multiple alleles)

37. Polygenic