1. 8 Characteristics

2.  Farmers settled in fertile river valleys  Grew surplus (extra) food  Led to an increase in population  Settlements grew into cities  Examples: Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus River Valley

3. http://www.awesomestories.com/assets/athens http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_Ancient_Jerusalem.jpg http://www.penfall.com/architecture/back-by-popular-demand-googlegap-but-with-cooler-graphics

4. HTTP://WWW.DREGATE.COM/CLIPART/CLIPART3/PAGES/MEDIEVAL%20C OUNCIL.HTM  Governments run by councils or religious leaders develop to safeguard (to protect) food supply and irrigation systems  Provide defense

5.  Religious leaders conducted elaborate ceremonies (rituals) to appease the gods (polytheism) and insure a good harvest.  Drought and floods blamed on the anger of the gods.

6. http://meynu.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/gods-of-ancient-egypt.jpg http://www.carnaval.com/greece/festivals / http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-Qnopyq_sDE/TMNO8FlAgLI/AAAAAAAAAMo/WoNsSrROH5g/s1600/image84532543.jpg

7.  In time, many civilizations adopted monotheistic religious beliefs.

8.  As civilizations became more complex, artisans and craftsmen were needed to build and maintain specific items and tasks. No longer could individuals do all the work  Some concentrated on teaching, scribing, stonecutting, etc.

9.  As jobs became more specialized so did the status and needs of individuals.  A social hierarchy was created:  Kings, warriors, and religious leaders were on the top rung.  Herders and slaves were on the bottom rung.

10. http://library.thinkquest.org/C004203/social/social01.htm

11.  Records were needed to keep accounts on trade goods and food storage.  Writing necessary because the information was too great.  Ideas, such as belief and social order needed to be expressed -- - pictures and simple words would not suffice.

12. http://thomas09.wordpress.com/2008/05/12/travel-journal/hieroglypics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform http://www.truton.com/2BIOLOGY/ChineseMind.html

13.  Expressed the beliefs and values of a people  Different styles were developed and copied by societies  Art used to impress visitors and people about the beauty and power of a king or community http://www.fanpop.com/spots/ancient-greece

14.  Government would order these to be built  Very expensive, but would benefit the community  Examples:  Wall to protect a city from attack  Canal for irrigation http://www.authorama.com/ancient-china-simplified-22.html http://www.the-world-heritage-sites.com/ping-yao-world- heritage-site_china.htm