1. Pathophysiology BMS 243 Vascular Diseases Lecture IV Dr. Aya M. Serry
2015/2016

2. Vascular Diseases

3. Vascular Diseases
A vascular disease is any condition that affects the circulatory system
Vascular disease ranges from diseases of your arteries, veins, and lymph vessels to blood disorders that affect circulation.
When blood vessels become blocked, blood flow will be limited to the different body organs, causing vascular diseases

4. Types of Vascular Diseases
The following are Some conditions that fall under the category of vascular disease:
Renal Artery Disease
Raynaud's Phenomenon (Also Called Raynaud's Disease)
Buerger's Disease
Varicose Veins
Blood Clotting Disorders
Aneurysm
Most of these conditions are caused mainly due to Atherosclerosis

5. Types of Vascular Diseases
Renal Artery Disease (Renal Artery Stenosis):
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the condition where one or both the arteries starts narrowing thereby depriving the kidneys from blood supply. This is often caused by atherosclerosis. 

6. Types of Vascular Diseases
Raynaud's Phenomenon (Also Called Raynaud's Disease)
Raynaud's disease is a common vascular disorder characterized by episodes of constriction of very small arteries (arteriole vasospasm) in the fingers and skin usually in response to cold temperatures or stress.
Symptoms in the fingers include unusual paleness, absence of color (pallor), and/or a red or bluish color to the skin (cyanosis).
A secondary form of the disease, known as Raynaud's phenomenon, affects a small number of individuals. This form of the disorder is usually found in association with another underlying systemic disorder.

7. Raynaud's Phenomenon (Also Called Raynaud's Disease)

8. Types of Vascular Diseases
Buerger's Disease:
Buerger's disease, is a rare disorder that, in most cases, affects young or middle-aged male cigarette smokers.
It is characterized by narrowing or blockage of the veins and arteries of the extremities, resulting in reduced blood flow to these areas.
The legs are affected more often than the arms. In most cases, the first symptom is extreme pain of the lower arms and legs while at rest. Affected individuals may also experience cramping in the legs when they walk.

9. Types of Vascular Diseases
Buerger's Disease:
In addition, affected individuals may experience Raynaud's phenomenon.
In severe cases, individuals with Buerger's disease may exhibit tissue death (gangrene) of affected limbs.
The exact cause of Buerger's disease is not known; however, most affected individuals are heavy tobacco users.

10. Types of Vascular Diseases
Varicose Veins:
Varicose veins are twisted, enlarged veins near the surface of the skin. They are most common in the legs and ankles.
They usually aren't serious, but they can sometimes lead to other problems (Ulcers and clots)
Varicose veins are caused by weakened valves and veins in your legs.
Normally, one-way valves in your veins keep blood flowing from your legs up toward your heart. When these valves do not work as they should, blood collects in your legs, and pressure builds up. The veins become weak, large, and twisted.

11. Types of Vascular Diseases
Causes of Varicose Veins
Varicose veins often run in families.
Aging also increases your risk.
Being overweight 
pregnancy
Having a job where you must stand for long periods of time

12. Types of Vascular Diseases
Blood Clotting Disorders:
Blood clotting disorders are conditions that make the blood more likely to form blood clots in the arteries and veins. These conditions may be inherited (congenital, occurring at birth) or acquired during life
Blood clotting disorders may be due to :
A lack of anti-clotting factors in the blood Or an increased amount of pro-clotting factors in the blood

13. 6. Thrombosis (blood clots)
A Venous Thrombus is a blood clot that forms in the veins. These venous clots can block the blood flow through the vein and can also travel to other parts of the body.
Many factors can increase the risk of venous clots including:
Trauma to the legs.
Injury to the veins.
A recent surgery or hospitalization.
Obesity and prolonged immobility such as bed rest.
People who have had a blood clot have a higher chance of having another.

14. 6. Thrombosis (blood clots)
Most serious blood clots are treated with blood thinner drugs,
known as anticoagulants. Anticoagulants decrease the blood’s ability
to clot to a controlled degree. They stop clots from getting bigger and
prevent new clots from forming.

15. Types of Vascular Diseases
Aneurysm
Is a balloon-like bulge in the artery caused by weakening in the artery wall. Aneurysms most often occur in the Aorta, which carries blood from the heart to the chest, abdomen and legs.
A ruptured aneurysm is an emergency and requires immediate medical attention. An Aortic Aneurysm is caused by a progressive weakening of the aortic wall.
An aneurysm in the abdomen is known as Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

16. Types of Vascular Diseases
Aneurysm

17. Atherosclerosis

18. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of the arteries walls
This progressive process silently and slowly blocks arteries, putting blood flow at risk
Atherosclerosis is the usual cause of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease
It can occurs in almost any artery in the body. But in the heart (Coronary Arteries) it’s effects can be crucial. WHY?

21. Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology

22. Atherosclerosis Causes
High blood cholesterol
High blood pressure
Smoking
Obesity
Lack of physical activity

23. Atherosclerosis Risk Factors
Uncontrollable
Controllable
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Smoking
Physical activity
Obesity
Diabetes
Stress and anger
Sex
Hereditary
Race
Age

24. Atherosclerosis Treatment
Many people are able to manage coronary artery disease with lifestyle changes and medications (Prevention and Treatment)
Other people with severe coronary artery disease may need SURGERY, such as:
1) Stent insertion
2) Angioplasty

25. Atherosclerosis Treatment
3) Bypass surgery
healthy blood vessel is removed from leg, arm or chest
This blood vessel is used to create new blood flow path in your heart around (bypassing) the blocked portion of the diseased artery

26. Atherosclerosis Prevention
Get regular medical checkups.
Control your blood pressure.
Check your cholesterol.
Don’t smoke.
Exercise regularly.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Eat a heart-healthy diet.
Manage stress.