1. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Chapter 10 Measuring Exposure to Exchange Rate Fluctuations International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

2. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Chapter Objectives To discuss the relevance of an MNC’s exposure to exchange rate risk. To explain how transaction exposure can be measured. To explain how economic exposure can be measured. To explain how translation exposure can be measured. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

3. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Is Exchange Rate Risk Relevant? (1) International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Purchasing Power Parity Argument  Exchange rate movements will be matched by price movements. PPP does not necessarily hold. The Investor Hedge Argument  MNC shareholders can hedge against exchange rate fluctuations on their own. The investors may not have complete information on corporate exposure. They may not have the capabilities to correctly insulate their individual exposure too.

4. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Is Exchange Rate Risk Relevant? (2) International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Currency Diversification Argument  An MNC that is well diversified should not be affected by exchange rate movements because of offsetting effects. This is a naive presumption. Stakeholder Diversification Argument  Well diversified stakeholders will be somewhat insulated against losses experienced by an MNC due to exchange rate risk. MNCs may be affected in the same way because of exchange rate risk.

5. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Is Exchange Rate Risk Relevant? (3) Response from MNCs Many MNCs have attempted to stabilize their earnings with hedging strategies because they believe exchange rate risk is relevant. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

6. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Is Exchange Rate Risk Relevant?

7. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Types of Exposure

8. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Transaction Exposure

9. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Transaction Exposure The degree to which the value of future cash transactions can be affected by exchange rate fluctuations is referred to as transaction exposure. To measure transaction exposure: 1. estimate the net cash inflows or outflows in each currency, and 2. measure the potential impact of the exposure to those currencies. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

10. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Estimating Net Currency Flows MNCs can usually anticipate foreign cash flows for an upcoming short-term period with reasonable accuracy. After the consolidated net currency flows for the entire MNC has been determined, each net flow is converted into a point estimate (or range) of a chosen currency. The exposure for each currency can then be assessed using the same measure. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

11. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Youth PLC

12. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Youth PLC It is assumed that the range represents 95 % confidence intervals Assuming normal distribution, 95 % represents +/- 1.96 standard deviations from the expected value Euro: Range = 600 000 Standard deviation = £ 600 000/(2 * 1.96) = £153 061

13. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Standard deviation

14. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Measuring the Potential Impact (1) An MNC’s exposure can be measured by considering the proportion of each currency together with the currency’s variability and the correlations among the movements of the currencies. For a two-currency portfolio, International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

15. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Measuring the Potential Impact (2) The standard deviation statistic measures currency variability. Correlation coefficients indicate the degree to which two currencies move in relation to each other. Coefficient Perfect positive correlation1.00 No correlation0.00 Perfect negative correlation–1.00 Both variability and correlations vary among currencies and over time. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

16. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Correlations

17. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Variance/covariance

18. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Overall risk faced by Youth plc

19. Impact of Cash Flow and Correlation Conditions on an MNC’s Exposure +Q – Q Slightly positiveModerate +Q+Q Highly positiveHigh MNC’s Exposure Expected Net Cash Flow Currency x Currency y Correlation between Currencies x and y +Q+Q Slightly positiveModerate +Q– Q Highly positiveLow +Q – Q NegativeHigh International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

20. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA A related method, the value-at-risk (VAR) method, incorporates currency volatility and correlations to determine the potential maximum loss over a given time period Historical data is used to determine the potential decline in a particular currency. This decline is then applied to the net cash flows in that currency. Transaction Exposure

21. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Value at Risk The basic approach to determining the value at risk involves four elements: –The amount of exposure (A) –The volatility ( σ ) of the asset position –A confidence limit α in terms of the number of standard deviations, usually 1 – 2 standard deviations on a normal distribution –A time horizon over which decisions can be made about the position (T). If T is less than a year, the volatility is adjusted by square root of T

22. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Transaction Exposure For foreign currency x, the maximum one- day loss = E ( e x ) – z [P]   x E( e x )=expected %  in x for the next day z [P] =if u ~ N(0,1), Prob (u < z [P] ) = P for 95% confidence level, z [.95] = 1.65  x =standard deviation of the daily %  in x International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

23. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA VaR – example Celia Company will receive 10 000 000 Norwegian Krone (NOK) tomorrow Current spot rate = £0.09/NOK Daily standard deviation of the NOK: 1.2 % Alpha: 1.65 standard deviations (95 %)

24. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Value at Risk

25. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Value at Risk What is the portfolio risk? We need the correlation coefficient between the two assets:

26. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Value at Risk - portfolio

27. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA VaR – example 2

28. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Economic Exposure Economic exposure refers to the degree to which a firm’s present value of future cash flows can be influenced by exchange rate fluctuations. Some of these affected cash flows do not require currency conversion. Even a purely domestic firm may be affected by economic exposure if it faces foreign competition in its local markets. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

29. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Example – Mannerton plc Mannerton plc sells to the UK and Europe –A strong € increases UK sales somewhat due to increased competitiveness –European sales are assumed to be constant at €40 and European costs are much higher (about € 200) Mannerton therefore lose money if the € appreciates

30. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Impact of exchange rate movements

31. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Economic Exposure Economic exposure can be measured by assessing the sensitivity of the firm’s earnings to exchange rates. –This involves reviewing how the earnings forecast in the firm’s income statement changes in response to alternative exchange rate scenarios. In general, firms with more foreign costs than revenues tend to be unfavorably affected by stronger foreign currencies. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

32. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Economic Exposure Economic exposure can also be measured by assessing the sensitivity of the firm’s cash flows to exchange rates through regression analysis. For a single foreign currency: PCF t = a 0 + a 1 e t +  t PCF t =%  in inflation-adjusted cash flows measured in the firm’s home currency over period t e t =%  in the exchange rate over period t International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

33. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Economic Exposure The model may be revised to handle additional currencies by including them as additional independent variables. By replacing the dependent variable (cash flows), the impact of exchange rates on the firm’s value (as measured by its stock price), earnings, exports, sales, etc. may also be assessed. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

34. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Translation Exposure The exposure of an MNC’s consolidated financial statements to exchange rate fluctuations is known as translation exposure. In particular, subsidiary earnings translated into the reporting currency on the consolidated income statement are subject to changing exchange rates. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

35. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Does Translation Exposure Matter? Cash Flow Perspective  The translation of financial statements for consolidated reporting purposes does not by itself affect an MNC’s cash flows. However, a weak spot rate today may result in a weak exchange rate forecast (and hence a weak expected cash flow) for the point in the future when subsidiary earnings are to be remitted. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

36. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Does Translation Exposure Matter? Stock Price Perspective Since an MNC’s translation exposure affects its consolidated earnings and many investors tend to use earnings when valuing firms, the MNC’s valuation may be affected. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

37. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction, 7 th edition Colin Drury ISBN 978-1-40803-213-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA Translation Exposure An MNC’s degree of translation exposure is dependent on: 1. the proportion of its business conducted by foreign subsidiaries 2. the locations of its foreign subsidiaries 3. the accounting methods that it uses. International Financial Management, 2 nd edition Jeff Madura and Roland Fox ISBN 978-1-4080-3229-9 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA