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Chapter 16 Ecosytems: Land, Fresh Water, Salt Water
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Parts of the Environment 1. Biotic – the living organisms and the bodies of once living organisms Examples: fish, algae, snails, protists in an aquarium 2 a-Biotic – the non living parts Examples: temperature, amount of oxygen, the rocks, plastic plants, and salinity in an aquarium
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Biodiversity Biotic Factors are the living species in an ecosystem Biodiversity is the number of those species High Biodiversity is good low Biodiversity can be a serious problem for the future Example: Biodiveristy in an aquarium is low Biodiveristy in a fresh water pond is high
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Succession in an Ecosystem 1. Primary Succession – when life comes to newly formed land (ex: volcanic Island forms) Galopagos Islands : formed, life arrived and evolved 2. Secondary Succession – when life is destroyed and returns (ex: after a forest fire) Barren soil > grasses > Aspens > Spruces is succession of life on land up North
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Food Chains Steps in a Food Chain are called Trophic Levels Lowest Trophic level is always Producers Examples of Producers: grass, photosynthetic algae, trees, diatoms The second Trophic Level are consumers Frequently these are herbivores The third and above Trophic Levels are carnivores and omnivores
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Food Web Food Webs show how energy moves through an ecosystem There is only 10% of the energy available in the next level up this amounts to 1/10 th of the energy below Each higher Trophic Levels has about 10% of the (organisms, diversity, and energy) of the lower level
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Marine Food Web Photosynthetic Algae are the producers Leopard Seals are carnivores Killer Whales are the top predators and feed on the 3 rd and 4 th levels in the food web
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Biogeochemical Cycles Bio – living organisms Geo – geology of Earth (air, land, rock, water) Chemical – molecules The Water Cycle is a biogeochemical cycle precipitation- rain, snow, sleet evaporation-water coming off oceans to form clouds The Carbon Cycle – CO 2 in air > carbon in living organisms
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