1. Chapter 16 Ecosytems: Land, Fresh Water, Salt Water

2. Parts of the Environment 1. Biotic – the living organisms and the bodies of once living organisms Examples: fish, algae, snails, protists in an aquarium 2 a-Biotic – the non living parts Examples: temperature, amount of oxygen, the rocks, plastic plants, and salinity in an aquarium

3. Biodiversity Biotic Factors are the living species in an ecosystem Biodiversity is the number of those species High Biodiversity is good low Biodiversity can be a serious problem for the future Example: Biodiveristy in an aquarium is low Biodiveristy in a fresh water pond is high

4. Succession in an Ecosystem 1. Primary Succession – when life comes to newly formed land (ex: volcanic Island forms) Galopagos Islands : formed, life arrived and evolved 2. Secondary Succession – when life is destroyed and returns (ex: after a forest fire) Barren soil > grasses > Aspens > Spruces is succession of life on land up North

5. Food Chains Steps in a Food Chain are called Trophic Levels Lowest Trophic level is always Producers Examples of Producers: grass, photosynthetic algae, trees, diatoms The second Trophic Level are consumers Frequently these are herbivores The third and above Trophic Levels are carnivores and omnivores

6. Food Web Food Webs show how energy moves through an ecosystem There is only 10% of the energy available in the next level up this amounts to 1/10 th of the energy below Each higher Trophic Levels has about 10% of the (organisms, diversity, and energy) of the lower level

7. Marine Food Web Photosynthetic Algae are the producers Leopard Seals are carnivores Killer Whales are the top predators and feed on the 3 rd and 4 th levels in the food web

8. Biogeochemical Cycles Bio – living organisms Geo – geology of Earth (air, land, rock, water) Chemical – molecules The Water Cycle is a biogeochemical cycle precipitation- rain, snow, sleet evaporation-water coming off oceans to form clouds The Carbon Cycle – CO 2 in air > carbon in living organisms