1. Let’s see some more examples!
Informal Fallacies
Let’s see some more examples!

2. Fallacies of Relevance
The conclusion is logically irrelevant to the premises: it isn’t really evidence that leads to the conclusion.
Fallacies of Relevance

3. Arguing using a threat:
“I deserve a good grade, wouldn’t you agree? If you don’t agree, I’m afraid of what might happen: I just can’t control Bruno here.”
Appeal to Force

4. Trying to evoke an emotional response from the listener to lead them to act in your favour:
“I need to pass this class in order to graduate. If I don’t graduate, my parents will kill me. Therefore, I should get a passing grade.”
Appeal to Pity

5. Appeal to People (popularity, argumentum ad populum)
Appealing to the desire to be liked, included or recognized
Bandwagon: “Of course God exists. Every real American believes that.”
Appeal to vanity/snobbery: “Of course you should cheat, all the cool kids are.”
Appeal to Belief: “90% of those surveyed think we should not believe ________, so you should too.”
Appeal to common Practice: “everyone speeds, so it isn’t wrong.”
Appeal to People (popularity, argumentum ad populum)

6. Against the Person (Ad hominem)
Attacking the source, not the argument
Abusive: “He says we should spend more on…, but he is a bleeding heart, liberal, no good, cat-eating s.o.b., so his opinion is worthless.”
Circumstantial: “he says we need to spend more on education, but he’s a teacher…”
From hypocrisy: “you say smoking is bad, but you smoke too.”
Against the Person (Ad hominem)

7. Attacking an oversimplified version of an opponent’s actual position.
“Those who support gun control are wrong; they believe that no one should have the right to defend themselves in any situation.”
Straw Man

8. Missing the Point / Red Herring
Diverting the listener’s attention by changing the subject or drawing a slightly different conclusion than what should be.
“The death penalty is the only way to punish criminals. Why? The justice system in this country has gone straight to hell – with murderers, rapists and robbers getting off scot-free!”
Missing the Point / Red Herring

9. Drawing a conclusion based on a premise which states nothing has been shown.
“No one has proved that ghosts don’t exist. Therefore, they obviously do.”
Appeal to Ignorance

10. Hasty Generalization A very bad inductive generalization.
All three of the BR students I’ve met so far are tall, so all the students here must be tall.
Hasty Generalization

11. Stating that since A happened before B, A must have made B happen.
I used Mr. Jenny’s pencil on the test that I passed, therefore, using that pen again means I’ll pass the next one.
False Cause

12. The key premise is unsupported, and/or just repeated in the conclusion.
Circular reasoning: Murderers have lost the right to live because anyone who kills another gives up that right.
Begging the Question