1. Section II: Peru and the Incan Empire (Pages 206 - 211) This section is about: This section is about: The early Peruvians and the rich, complex culture of the Incan Empire. The early Peruvians and the rich, complex culture of the Incan Empire. Elements of the culture of the Incan Empire, such as the strong system of government, the arts, and architecture. Elements of the culture of the Incan Empire, such as the strong system of government, the arts, and architecture.

2. Let’s start by reading what’s at the end – and what we are expected to find out. Let’s start by reading what’s at the end – and what we are expected to find out. Page 211: Review History, Critical Thinking, and Write About Government. Page 211: Review History, Critical Thinking, and Write About Government. We should probably also look at the pictures on 206-211 We should probably also look at the pictures on 206-211

3. This section is about South America (Peru today)… and the early Native Americans who lived there. The Chavin People Lived here about 900-200 BC Lived here about 900-200 BC Built stone temples with carvings of gods and other images (jaguars, serpents, caiman). Built stone temples with carvings of gods and other images (jaguars, serpents, caiman). By the coasts, they were among the first to build with adobe (sun-dried clay bricks). By the coasts, they were among the first to build with adobe (sun-dried clay bricks). It took about 50,000,000 of these bricks to build a temple It took about 50,000,000 of these bricks to build a temple

4. After the Chavin, the Moche moved to the area (200-100 BC) They controlled a lot of land, but didn’t have huge cities. They controlled a lot of land, but didn’t have huge cities. They were skilled engineers – building roads, canals, and irrigation systems. They were skilled engineers – building roads, canals, and irrigation systems. They’ve left very little of their culture behind (except some of their buildings) They’ve left very little of their culture behind (except some of their buildings) By 900, they were gone. By 900, they were gone. No one really knows why No one really knows why Earthquakes, droughts, floods? Earthquakes, droughts, floods?

5. The Incas are the main group we know about from this area We don’t know much about the early Incas and how they started (about 1200 AD?). We don’t know much about the early Incas and how they started (about 1200 AD?). They controlled the Andes Mountain Valley. They controlled the Andes Mountain Valley. Their first great leader (Pachacuti – “Earth Shaker”) built the capital city of Cuzco and expanded the empire. Their first great leader (Pachacuti – “Earth Shaker”) built the capital city of Cuzco and expanded the empire.

6. The main Incan place most people know about: Machu Picchu

7. The City of Cuzco Designed in the shape of a Puma (mountain lion) – which was sacred to the Incas. Designed in the shape of a Puma (mountain lion) – which was sacred to the Incas. Had a fortress/temple at the head. Had a fortress/temple at the head. Houses and palaces were built along the body. Houses and palaces were built along the body. Four “highways” met in the central plaza. Four “highways” met in the central plaza. The Incas were great builders – for buildings, palaces, and roads The Incas were great builders – for buildings, palaces, and roads All Incas were expected to help build All Incas were expected to help build

8. Inca Messages… Inca Messages… …were easy to send, because they had great roads and a “postal system.” …were easy to send, because they had great roads and a “postal system.” Runners would travel the roads – each going 3 miles to the next rest stop and the next runner. Runners would travel the roads – each going 3 miles to the next rest stop and the next runner. Messages could travel 150 miles in a day this way (that’s a lot). Messages could travel 150 miles in a day this way (that’s a lot). Incas didn’t use writing, so the runners had to remember the messages. Incas didn’t use writing, so the runners had to remember the messages. They also used a quipu (strings that kept track of numbers). They also used a quipu (strings that kept track of numbers). Government officials would use quipus for recordkeeping Government officials would use quipus for recordkeeping

9. The Later Incan Emperors Topa Inca tried to expand the empire. Topa Inca tried to expand the empire. By 1400, it covered the entire length of the Andes Mts. By 1400, it covered the entire length of the Andes Mts. The last of the Inca emperors was Atahualpa (that’s when the Spanish showed up) The last of the Inca emperors was Atahualpa (that’s when the Spanish showed up)

10. Incan Government: Was a hereditary monarchy Was a hereditary monarchy The empire was divided into 4 sections – each with it’s own governor. The empire was divided into 4 sections – each with it’s own governor. These governors were all part of the Inca emperors extended family. These governors were all part of the Inca emperors extended family. Other government jobs went to people who were loyal to them Other government jobs went to people who were loyal to them When they conquered people, they made them into slaves… or used them for sacrifices. When they conquered people, they made them into slaves… or used them for sacrifices. King, who’s son is next to rule

11. Inca religion was polytheistic What????? Many Gods Main God: Viracocha (the creator) Others controlled thunder, the Earth, the sea, and the moon. The Sun God was their special protector. People were ordered to build temples to the gods. They also believed spirits lived throughout nature (Japanese Shinto) They developed a calendar to keep track of festivals important to the farming year (planting and harvesting)

12. The Incas did have social classes The Incas did have social classes The top: the ruling and noble families (only about 200 of these “pure” Incas) The top: the ruling and noble families (only about 200 of these “pure” Incas) Next: the adopted Incas: nobles from lands the Incas conquered Next: the adopted Incas: nobles from lands the Incas conquered Next: Nobles from far away lands they controlled but didn’t care much about. Next: Nobles from far away lands they controlled but didn’t care much about. Last: ordinary people Last: ordinary people You could not usually change who you were – unless you did something extreme (great courage, or the best servant/slave in town). You could not usually change who you were – unless you did something extreme (great courage, or the best servant/slave in town). Do we have “social classes” anywhere today? Do we have “social classes” anywhere today?

13. Incan Families Families were organized into groups. Families were organized into groups. No taxes, but people were expected to work in exchange for government services. No taxes, but people were expected to work in exchange for government services. The government did give feasts on holidays. The government did give feasts on holidays. The government controlled most people’s lives. The government controlled most people’s lives. People even had travel restrictions and a “dress code” (you had to wear clothing that connected you to where you were born). People even had travel restrictions and a “dress code” (you had to wear clothing that connected you to where you were born).

14. Inca Farming Inca Farming Each family belonged to a larger group called an allyu. Each family belonged to a larger group called an allyu. They owned the land together and worked together. They owned the land together and worked together. The leader of each allyu made sure government orders were followed, and decided what each person’s job should be The leader of each allyu made sure government orders were followed, and decided what each person’s job should be

15. Inca Farms Corn Corn Squash Squash Tomatoes Tomatoes Peanuts Peanuts Cotton Cotton Potatoes (200 kinds – great in the mountains) Potatoes (200 kinds – great in the mountains) Llamas and alpacas – for wool Llamas and alpacas – for wool Boys learned from dads (farming or a “trade”) Boys learned from dads (farming or a “trade”) Girls learned from moms (weaving and cooking). Girls learned from moms (weaving and cooking). Most didn’t like what they did, but they knew it would make the empire stronger, which would help them out Most didn’t like what they did, but they knew it would make the empire stronger, which would help them out