1. Yellowstone Biocomplexity: Microbe-Water-Mineral Dynamics Bruce W. Fouke Department of Geology Department of Microbiology Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

2. Acknowledgments Co-Principle Investigators Nigel Goldenfeld (Illinois Physics) Alison Murray (DRI Nevada Micro) Colleagues Abigail Salyers (Illinois Microbiology) Carl Woese (Illinois Microbiology) Robert Sanford (Res. Sci. Geology) Barbara Hug (Illinois Education) Collaborations National Park Service Yellowstone Association Funding (Hot Springs) NSF Biocomplexity in the Environment American Chemical Society Illinois Critical Research Initiative Co-Principle Investigators Nigel Goldenfeld (Illinois Physics) Alison Murray (DRI Nevada Micro) Colleagues Abigail Salyers (Illinois Microbiology) Carl Woese (Illinois Microbiology) Robert Sanford (Res. Sci. Geology) Barbara Hug (Illinois Education) Collaborations National Park Service Yellowstone Association Funding (Hot Springs) NSF Biocomplexity in the Environment American Chemical Society Illinois Critical Research Initiative Current Fouke Lab (Hot Springs) Roy Johnson (Res. Sci. Vet. Med.) Mike Kandianis (Ph.D. Geology) Tom Schickel (M.Sc./Ph.D. Geology) John Veysey (Ph.D. Physics) Patrick Chan (Ph.D. Physics) Ana Houseal (Ph.D. Education/Geol) Kelly Zimmerman (M.Sc. Geology) Shane Butler (M.Sc. Geology) Recent Members (Hot Springs) George T. Bonheyo (Postdoc Micro) Hector Garcia (Ph.D. Physics) David Fike (B.Sc. Physics/Geol) Johanna Metz (B.Sc. Physics/Geol) Beth Sanzenbacher (B.Sc. Micro/Geol) Current Fouke Lab (Hot Springs) Roy Johnson (Res. Sci. Vet. Med.) Mike Kandianis (Ph.D. Geology) Tom Schickel (M.Sc./Ph.D. Geology) John Veysey (Ph.D. Physics) Patrick Chan (Ph.D. Physics) Ana Houseal (Ph.D. Education/Geol) Kelly Zimmerman (M.Sc. Geology) Shane Butler (M.Sc. Geology) Recent Members (Hot Springs) George T. Bonheyo (Postdoc Micro) Hector Garcia (Ph.D. Physics) David Fike (B.Sc. Physics/Geol) Johanna Metz (B.Sc. Physics/Geol) Beth Sanzenbacher (B.Sc. Micro/Geol)

3. Biocomplexity in a Geological Context Definition: Complexity arising from the interplay of biological, physical, chemical and social systems across multiple spatial (angstroms to thousands of kilometers) and temporal (nanoseconds to eons) scalesDefinition: Complexity arising from the interplay of biological, physical, chemical and social systems across multiple spatial (angstroms to thousands of kilometers) and temporal (nanoseconds to eons) scales Context: Collected within process-oriented geological, ecological, and evolutionary systems.Context: Collected within process-oriented geological, ecological, and evolutionary systems. Big Picture: Research on individual (context void) components of a complex system provides only limited information about the behavior of a system as a wholeBig Picture: Research on individual (context void) components of a complex system provides only limited information about the behavior of a system as a whole

4. Are terraced carbonate mineral deposits prima facies evidence for microbial activity?Are terraced carbonate mineral deposits prima facies evidence for microbial activity? Primary Question of Study The presence and activity of microbes is required to create terraced carbonate mineral deposits.The presence and activity of microbes is required to create terraced carbonate mineral deposits. Central Hypothesis of Study

6. Physical Water Temperature Pressure Flow rate/velocity Seasonal differences Diurnal differences Weather Time Geological Sediment(s) composition Stratigraphy Geochemistry Crystal structure Porosity / Induration Precipitation rates Diagenesis Microbiological Population(s) constituency Colonization and succession Biochemistry / gene expression Colony macrostructure Transport/ Mobility Growth rates Evolution

7. Abiotic versus Biotic Hierarchy Scale 1: Cm-to-MeterScale 1: Cm-to-Meter dominanted by abiotic mineralization? Scale 2: Mm-to-CmScale 2: Mm-to-Cm mixture of biologically-influenced and abiotic mineralization? Scale 3: Micron-to-MmScale 3: Micron-to-Mm dominated by biologically-influenced?

9. Waters derived from Norris Basin from Sorey et al. (1991)

13. Sedimentary Depositional Facies Sediment/crystalline deposit representing the sum physical, chemical, and biological attributes of an environment of sediment accumulation (Gressley, 1838; Walther, 1893)Sediment/crystalline deposit representing the sum physical, chemical, and biological attributes of an environment of sediment accumulation (Gressley, 1838; Walther, 1893)

15. Fouke et al. (2000) Travertine Facies Model Constructed independent of microbial analyses

16. 1 - 5 mm/day “Living Geology”

17. Fouke et al. (2000) Travertine Facies Model Constructed independent of microbial analyses

18. 0.25 cm

21. Deterministic Physical Modelling of Carbonate Precipitation Physical model of carbonate precipitation in shallow water flow formulatedPhysical model of carbonate precipitation in shallow water flow formulated theory applied to travertine observed in Mammoth Hot Springstheory applied to travertine observed in Mammoth Hot Springs –1D damming instability explained the emergence of scale free structure, e.g. terraces –2D circularly symmetrical domes predicted deterministically

22. Fouke et al. (2000) Travertine Facies Model Constructed independent of microbial analyses

24. 90% partitioned within facies Two occur in all 5 facies Aquificales pBB OPB30  -Proteobacteria

25. "-" = Negative result "+" = appropriate amplicon observed "*" = length variability in amplicon, sequence analysis required to verify correct gene verify correct gene blank cell = sample has not yet been screened Results of genomic DNA screening for water and travertine substrate samples.

29. In situ crystallization experiments under natural conditions versus filter sterilized and UV-irradiated conditions.In situ crystallization experiments under natural conditions versus filter sterilized and UV-irradiated conditions. Document associations between crystal growth and water chemistry with microbial communities and activities.Document associations between crystal growth and water chemistry with microbial communities and activities. Physical modeling of the system to describe combined geological and biological effects.Physical modeling of the system to describe combined geological and biological effects. Project Milestones