1. A Report by: Ballitoc, Beverley Macalisang, Marielle Valdez, Jeteeca Zapata, Diane Mauritz

2.  A general process of administrative action  It is to pursue one’s objectives through a specific design  It is the creation of a delivery system of a policy.  It is the process in which policies upheld by the government are enacted upon by the pertinent agencies.  What happens (or should happen) when a bill becomes a law

3.  What happens after a bill becomes a law  Carrying policies… into effect in an endeavor to accomplish their goals  Neither a routine nor a highly predictable process.

4.  Government Agencies ◦ perform most of the day to day work of the government ◦ Tasks: filling in the details, making policy more precise and concrete, make more definitive adjustments among conflicting interest.  The Legislature ◦ Can make policy as stringent or as vague as possible ◦ Senatorial Approval (Ex. Appointments)

5.  The Judiciary ◦ Some legislation is enforced primarily through judicial action ◦ Judicial interpretation and application of the Statute ◦ Review of administrative decisions, rules and regulations  Pressure Groups ◦ Group struggle shifts from legislative to administrative arena. ◦ May complain to the Executive or Congress if a statute is not being implemented (in accordance to the intent of the Congress)

6.  Community Organizations ◦ Local level A variety of participants may have a hand in administration of a given policy. Political Parties Communications Media Executive-staff agencies

7.  Top-Down ◦ Structural Approach ◦ Procedural and Managerial Approach ◦ Behavioral Approach ◦ Political Approach  Bottom-Up  Alternative Approach

8.  The top-down approach involves understanding the goals and motivations of the highest level initiators of policy and tracking the policy implementation from the lowest level.

9.  The goals, motivations and the capabilities of the lowest level implementers should be understood and following the policy design upward to the highest level initiators of policy.

10.  the organizational design and its relation to policy design.  there must be appropriate organizational structures for particular tasks and environments.

11.  focuses on the processes and procedure.  The Procedural approach involves three sequential steps in the implementation stage: (1) incorporate task sequences in a designed programme,  (2) mobilizing appropriate structures and staffing, and  (3) appropriate scheduling, monitoring, and control devices.

12.  acknowledges the limitation in adjustments to structures and procedures.  recognizes that there is often a resistance to change.  There is a need to study and understand this resistance to minimize it as an impediment to implementation.  The main aim of this approach is to foster the trust of the people in the managers (of implementation).

13.  Brings into focus the patterns of power and influence in policy implementation.

14. AGENCY Executive Pressure Groups Other AgenciesOther Governments Communications Media Political Parties JudiciaryCongress

15.  Four Classes of Implementation ◦ Policy and Policy Process (Procedural) ◦ Organizations and their milieu (Structural) ◦ Agents (Behavioral) ◦ Conditions within the Implementation Environment (Political)

16.  Assumption that policy meanings are shared by authors, implementers and managers A PRIORI  Too much focus on GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES

17.  Focuses on what implementers must know to do policy.  It brings forward non-state actors as resource for skills and knowledge and identifies learning as a key to street level change.