1. The Monocots: Part 1 Overview, Basal, and “Petaloid” Groups Spring 2013

2. Figure 7.1 from the text

3. Synapomorphies of Monocots Root system adventitious One cotyledon Stems with scattered vascular bundles (no secondary growth); herbaceous Leaves parallel-veined with a sheathing base Flowers pentacyclic (5 whorls), trimerous Sieve tube member plastids with several cuneate protein crystals Lots of molecular support for monophyly

4. Additional features of monocots Leaves formed from the basal end of the leaf primordium Usually with monosulcate pollen Lack glandular teeth on leaves

5. Monocot characters One cotyledon! MONOCOT NON-MONOCOT

6. Monocot characters Leaves: –parallel venation in most monocots [may be reversals with net-venation!] –sheathing base Trillium Smilax

7. Monocot characters Cuneate protein bodies in sieve cell plastids –“wedge-shaped” inclusions –function unknown

8. Monocot characters Adventitious roots: -derived from structures other than another root

9. Monocot characters Scattered vascular bundles in stem –numerous; actually complex organization –no vascular cambium (a few weird exceptions)

10. Monocot characters Pentacyclic, trimerous flowers with 2 perianth whorls and 2 whorls of stamens and the gynoecium as 1 whorl

11. How many monocots? ca. 3,000 genera ca. 65,000 species 22-25% of angiosperms Include: -aroids -bananas -lilies -gingers -orchids (20,000+ spp.) -irises -palms -grasses (10,000 spp.)

12. Fig. 7.17 from Simpson

13. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Acorales Alismatales Liliales Asparagales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal “Petaloid” Commelinoid

14. Basal and “Petaloid” Monocot Groups Order Acorales Acoraceae Order Alismatales Araceae* Alismataceae Order Liliales Liliaceae* Order Asparagales Agavaceae Alliaceae* Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae* Orchidaceae* *required families

15. Basal Monocots: Acorales: Acoraceae Widespread, temperate throughout tropical regions Aquatic herb Diversity: 1-3 spp. in 1 genus (Acorus) Flowers: typical of Araceae, coalesced into a spike-like spadix Significant features: Sister to the rest of the monocots; contain ethereal oils. Special uses: none Family not required, but Acorus evolutionarily important

16. Acorus (sweet flag)– The most basal monocot! Aquatic.

17. “Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales: Araceae (The Arum Family) Cosmopolitan; greatest diversity in tropical regions Mainly terrestrial and some aquatic herbs, vines, epiphytes, floating aquatics Diversity: 3,300 species, 104 genera Flowers: many, small; lacking extensive perianth, carpels 2-3; if unisexual then spatially separated in inflorescence or sometimes plants dioecious Significant features: inflorescence – spadix subtended by a spathe (specialized leaf) Special uses: many ornamentals; Colocasia as food Required family

18. Araceae—Arisaema Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema dracontium green dragon -Jack-in-the-pulpit is one of our common spring wildflowers Arisaema sikokianum

19. Araceae Monstera Philodendron

20. Amorphophallus (Corpse flower) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHaWu2rcP94

21. Araceae: Lemna and friends Lemna ~ duckweed Reduced plant body: no stem or leaves; sometimes no roots Rarely flower

22. Alismatales: Araceae Economic plants and products: Colocasia esculenta Taro “root” or dasheen “poi” 10% of the world uses as staple (starch) in diet

23. “Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales: Alismataceae (The Water Plantain Family) Widely distributed Aquatic & wetland rhizomatous herbs Number of species: 88 species, 15 genera Flowers: sepals & petals distinct, many apocarpous carpels; flowers or floral axes often whorled Significant features: rhizomatous Special uses: ornamental aquatics Family not required

24. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Acorales Alismatales Liliales Asparagales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal “Petaloid” Commelinoid

25. Liliales Nectaries at base of tepals Spots on tepals Extrorse anthers

26. “Petaloid” Monocots—Liliales: Liliaceae (The Lily Family) Widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere Perennial herbs, usually with bulbs and contractile roots Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 16 genera Flowers: tepals 6, distinct, carpels 3, stamens 6 Significant features: Fruit a loculicidal capsule, sometimes a berry; no onion-like odor Special uses: many ornamentals Required family

27. Liliaceae - Lilium

28. Liliaceae Erythronium trout-lily -native spring wildflower of woodlands

29. Tulipa -scapose herbs from tunicate bulbs -leaves 2-several on a stem -perianth campanulate to cuplike -tepals 6, erect -stigma prominently 3-lobed

30. Liliaceae Economic plants and products (horticultural): Lilium Easter lily Tulipa tulip

31. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Acorales Alismatales Liliales Asparagales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal “Petaloid” Commelinoid

32. Asparagales vs. Liliales Herbs; not succulent Tepals often spotted Nectaries at base of tepals/filaments Styles 1 (trifid) or 3 Seed coat present No phytomelan crust (seeds not black) Herbs to woody; sometimes succulent Tepals not spotted Nectaries septal Style usually 1, simple Seed coat collapsed to + present Phytomelan crust (seeds black) from dry fruits; not in fleshy fruit

33. Figure 7.32 from the text

34. “Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Alliaceae (Onion Family) Widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; also semiarid. Bulb-forming herbs with basal, usually narrow leaves Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 13 genera Flowers: Often showy, tepals 6, stamens 6, 3 connate carpels, ovary superior; inflorescence umbellate; fruit a loculicidal capsule. Significant features: sulfur-containing compounds (onion odor) Special uses: onion, garlic, leek, shallots, chives, used as food & seasonings; ornamentals Required family

35. Alliaceae - Allium

36. Alliaceae Economic plants and products: Allium species – onions, leeks, garlic! Ornamentals

37. “Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Iridaceae (The Iris Family) Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; absent in Australia. Perennial herbs forming rhizomes, corms, or bulbs Number of species: ca. 1,750 species, 67 genera Flowers: radial or bilateral, showy; tepals 6, outer tepals often differentiated from inner; stamens (2) 3, opposite outer tepals; carpels 3, fused into an inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal capsule Significant features: leaves unifacial or terete, equitant Special uses: many ornamentals; saffron (Crocus sativus) Required family

38. Iridaceae diversity

39. Iris (Greek for rainbow) -style branches broad, petaloid, terminating in paired crests anthers appressed to style branches

40. Iris in wetland habitats

41. “Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Orchidaceae (The Orchid Family) Widespread throughout the world; maximal diversity in tropical regions Primarily epiphytes; some terrestrial herbs, occasionally vines Diversity: ca. 20,000 species in 700-800 genera Flowers: showy, usually resupinate, bilateral, the median inner tepal differentiated into a labellum (lip); highly modified androecial and gynoecial parts, fused into a column; pollen grouped into soft or hard masses (pollinia) united by a stalk into a pollinarium; ovary inferior; placentation parietal; fruit a capsule dehiscing with (1-)3 or 6 slits; seeds tiny, dust-like Significant features: among the most specialized of all angiosperm flowers Special uses: many ornamentals; Vanilla Required family

42. Terrestrial Orchid growth habits Epiphytic

43. velamen Orchid roots

44. Orchid flower morphology

45. Orchidaceae Pollination function of column & pollinia pollinarium

46. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmgKABRCZpo&feature=related Richard Dawkins talking about orchid pollination

47. Morgan’s Sphinx Moth Endemic to Madagascar

48. Comet Orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale)

49. Asparagales: Orchidaceae Economic plants and products: Vanilla flavoring extracted from immature capsules of Vanilla planifolia

50. Some other cool Asparagales Agavaceae Amaryllidaceae

51. Agavaceae – Agave and Yucca Agave Yucca Hosta

52. Agave: bat pollinated Yucca: moth pollinated

53. Asparagales: Agavaceae Economic plants and products: Agave tequila

54. Asparagales: Agavaceae Economic plants and products: Fiber for rope from species of Yucca and Agave e.g., sisal hemp

55. Amaryllidaceae diversity

56. Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallis spider-lily Narcissus daffodil, jonquil, narcissus Corona sometimes present