1. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY

2. 65 REACT TO CONTACT- MAINTAIN MOVEMENT “On appearance of the enemy during the march, the commander closes up the wagons and continues his march in order…” Revised Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1861, Article XXXVI, Paragraph 768

3. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 66 GENERAL DEFENSE ACTIONS  Increase speed  Do not stop unless a vehicle is disabled  If one vehicle is disabled, the entire convoy stops  Aggressively return fire  Gun trucks engage the enemy from stand-off positions  Drivers to the rear of the kill zone transit the kill zone unless forced to stop  Do not block the road  Entire convoy proceeds to the next rally point

4. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 67 ACTIONS OF THE CONVOY COMMANDER  Receive spot report of attack and warn convoy elements  Direct use of pyrotechnics and other signal devices as required  Direct gun trucks to return fire and suppress enemy fire until threat neutralized or contact broken  Direct convoy personnel to place heavy volume of fire on the enemy  Determine map location of ambush  Call in artillery, CAS, or maneuver support

5. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 68 ACTIONS OF THE CONVOY COMMANDER (CONTINUED)  Provide SITREP and instructions to follow-on elements  Transmit SALUTE and SITREP to higher headquarters  Proceed to the rally point

6. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 69 REACT TO CONTACT- MAINTAIN MOVEMENT Gun Truck Task Vehicle Control Vehicle Enemy Position Intent is to maintain movement and speed in order to reduce exposure and deny the threat the ability to effectively engage the convoy. Indirect fire/ CAS

7. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 70 ACTIONS OF THE CONVOY COMMANDER (CONTINUED) CONSOLIDATE AND REORGANIZE Establish security Receive ACE reports from subordinate element leaders Redistribute ammunition as required Coordinate load transfer, repairs, mortuary affairs, and MEDEVAC operations Request emergency destruction authorization Forward SITREP to higher headquarters Leave no soldier behind

8. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 71 ACE REPORT FORMAT 1.AMMUNITION 2.CASUALTIES 3.EQUIPMENT Make your report short, and include only relevant Information.

9. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 72 REACT TO CONTACT- FORCED TO STOP “…but if the enemy seizes a position that commands his road, [the commander] attacks vigorously with the mass of his force, but is not to continue the pursuit far from the convoy.” Revised Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1861, Article XXXVI, Paragraph 768

10. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 73 GENERAL DEFENSE ACTIONS  If one vehicle is disabled, the entire convoy must stop  If in the kill zone: Dismount by exiting vehicle on the non-contact side Take cover Return maximum volume of fire  All drivers stop, dismount, take cover, and lay suppressive fire  Vehicles short of kill zone do not enter it  Gun trucks engage enemy from stand-off positions  Conduct hasty recovery and CASEVAC to rally point

11. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 74 ACTIONS OF THE CONVOY COMMANDER  Receive spot report of attack and warn convoy elements  Direct use of pyrotechnics and other signal devices as required  Direct gun trucks to return fire and suppress enemy fire until threat neutralized or contact broken  Direct convoy personnel to place heavy volume of fire on the enemy  Determine map location of ambush  Call in artillery, CAS, or maneuver support

12. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 75 ACTIONS OF THE CONVOY COMMANDER (CONTINUED)  Order hasty recovery of disabled vehicles and CASEVAC to the rally point  Provide SITREP and instructions to follow-on elements  Transmit SALUTE and SITREP to higher headquarters  Proceed to the rally point

13. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 76 REACT TO CONTACT- FORCED TO STOP Intent is to quickly gain fire superiority, conduct CASEVAC and hasty recovery operations, and exit the contact zone. Enemy Position  All vehicles stop  Begin immediate suppression from contact side  Gun trucks reposition if necessary within standoff distance  Non-contact side dismounts first followed by contact side

14. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 77 REACT TO CONTACT- FORCED TO STOP (CONTINUED)  Gain fire superiority or kill threat  Begin CASEVAC/recovery operations  Remount vehicles  Proceed to the rally point Enemy Position

15. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 78 CASEVAC/RECOVERY Intent is to perform buddy aid and hasty recovery, then move out of the contact zone. Enemy Position A&LRecovery Team  Aid and Litter vehicle moves on non-contact side to point of injury  Loads casualties and links with convoy  Recovery vehicle moves on non-contact side to disabled vehicle  Conducts hasty recovery and links with convoy

16. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 79 ACTIONS OF THE CONVOY COMMANDER (CONTINUED)  Consolidate and reorganize Establish security Receive ACE reports from subordinate element leaders Redistribute ammunition as required Coordinate load transfer, repairs, mortuary affairs, and MEDEVAC operations Request emergency destruction authorization Forward SITREP to higher headquarters Leave no soldier behind

17. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 80 DEFEND AGAINST SNIPER ATTACK

18. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 81 DEFEND AGAINST SNIPER ATTACK  Ensure all personnel wear helmets and body armor  Receive sniper warning  Use pre-designated signal to warn convoy elements  Direct march elements to increase speed and maintain interval  Use smoke to obscure the target  Do not stop  Determine approximate location of sniper on map

19. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 82 DEFEND AGAINST SNIPER ATTACK (Continued)  Determine whether area is free fire or restricted fire zone  Deploy gun trucks to lay down suppressive fire if necessary  Call in artillery or CAS if possible  Stop the convoy if a vehicle is disabled  Proceed to the rally point

20. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 83 DEFEND AGAINST SNIPER ATTACK (Continued)  Consolidate and reorganize Establish security Receive ACE reports from subordinate convoy elements Redistribute ammunition Coordinate load transfer, repairs, mortuary affairs, and MEDEVAC operations Request emergency destruction authorization Forward incident report to higher headquarters Provide SITREP and instructions to follow-on elements

21. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 84 DEFEND AGAINST NBC ATTACK

22. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 85 DEFEND AGAINST NBC ATTACK  Be aware of commonly used chemical agents and effects  Be alert to chemical agents already present  If attacked, take defensive actions as in any other combat situation  On consolidation and reorganization, perform hasty decontamination and evacuate casualties  Carry out minimal decontamination of equipment necessary to continue the mission  Report status to higher headquarters

23. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 86 DEFEND AGAINST AIR ATTACK

24. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 87 ACTIVE DEFENSE  Shoot any attacking aircraft or UAV  Fire at the nose of an approaching aircraft  Fire at the fuselage of a hovering helicopter  Fire slightly above the nose of a moving helicopter  Fire in volume  Lead aircraft crossing your position by 100 yards  Take cover if time allows

25. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 88 ACTIVE DEFENSE (Continued)  Support your weapon if possible  Lie on your back to return fire if caught in the open  Aim mounted machine guns slightly above the nose of head-on targets  Control small arms fire so that attacking aircraft fly through it  Watch for repeated attacks by one or more additional aircraft

26. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 89 PASSIVE DEFENSE Dispersion Open Column  Maintain 80 to 100 meters between vehicles  Results in less damage from air attack  More difficult to control  Cannot concentrate small arms fire

27. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 90 PASSIVE DEFENSE Dispersion Close Column  Maintain interval of less than 80 meters  Best executed during night operations if there is a threat of air attack

28. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 91 PASSIVE DEFENSE Camouflage  Cover smooth surfaces and shiny objects  If vehicles are not painted to match surroundings, use mud or dust to mask stand-out effect  Use tarps and bows to cover cargo  When under air attack, take shelter under anything that may obscure the vehicle’s outline

29. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 92 PASSIVE DEFENSE Air Guard  Assign observation responsibility of 9-3 o’clock or 3-9 o’clock  If the convoy lasts over an hour, place air guards on shifts to avoid dulling the senses Communications Security  Transmissions subject to monitoring and jamming  Use brief and infrequent transmissions  Destroy COMSEC if overrun

30. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 93 PASSIVE REACTIONS Halt the Convoy  Harder to see  Easy to continue march after attack  Volume of weapons fire more dense Enemy has greater chance of doing damage BUT

31. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 94 HERRINGBONE FORMATION  Vehicles off the road at 45 degree angles (50 to 100m interval)  Staggered formation (like chicken tracks)  Gun trucks act as roving or stationary defense  Road is kept clear  Best defense against air attack/indirect fire  Difficult to concentrate fire if attacked Direction of Traffic Gun Truck Task Vehicle Control Vehicle

32. CONVOY SURVIVABILITY 95 PASSIVE REACTIONS Disperse Vehicles  Staggers vehicles so that there is not a straight line Easier for the enemy to spot the convoy as it disperses BUT