1. Craniofacial Phenotyper
Freshman Imaging Project
Sean Cooper
Rebecca Klein

2. What is Imaging Science?
Combination of Physics, Mathematics, Engineering, and Computer Science
Studies technology behind scientific images
Applies this to scientific research
It is a multidisplinary field having to do with (1) fundamental theoretical basis behind all technologies that go into imaging devices (2) deals with how technologies are integrated into imaging systems that perform specific imaging related functions (3) how the systems are applied/ used generally in scientific research

3. Motivation
Researching a new way of assessing the difficulty of intubation as opposed to traditional methods
Jack is an University of Rochester Medical Center Anesthesiologist and associate professor. Bo Hu is a researcher at U of R. Together they are working to create a new practice to figure out if someone can be intubated. Intubation helps with breathing during surgery. Currently, the common practice is to give someone anesthia and try to stick the tube down the throat. If this cannot be done, the person is then intubated through the trachea. This is a very discomforting procedure to the patient as well as invasive. Bo and Jack’s theory is that using a 3D image of a person and extracting measurements between seven points on the face along the curvature and lower face volume can determine if a person can or cannot be intubated. This is to be used in an everyday physican’s office
Picture given via
JACK WOJTCZAK
URMC ANESTHESIOLOGIST
BO HU
U OF R RESEARCHER

4. Our Assignment Build a Craniofacial Phenotyper
Take a 3D image of the head
Use 3D image generated to find certain measurements
Asses the difficulty of intubation for a specific patient
Build a system that can take a 3D image of the face. Use the 3D image and take the points along the curve.

5. What are we Measuring?
Distance following the curvature of the face (3DS)
Between 7 points on the face
Also finding the volume of the head
N Nasion
SN Subnasion
T (L+R) Tragion
GN Gnathion
GO (L+R) Gonion

6. Basic Requirements Accuracy: Our goal is ± 0.5 mm
Cost: Our goal is $3,000
Speed: 1 to 2 second capture time, quick processing time
Robust: small, will not break easily, can be used in a variety of environments; easy/unnecessary calibration
Causes no harm to the patient
Scanner will mainly be used in Physician’s office – anesthesiologist evaluating patient for intubation
Other uses:
- pulmonary physician evaluating a patient with sleep apnea
- plastic surgeon evaluating a face for use in corrective surgery
Since it will be in a physician’s office and not used in an emergency room setting, it doesn’t need to be portable. However, it should take up as little space as possible.
The cost of the scanner is a big factor when it comes to design – the entire point of Freshman Imaging Project is to engineer a new system which is just as good (or better) as existing systems which costs significantly less than existing systems.
The time it actually takes for the system to take a full scan of the patient’s head should be under five seconds. If it takes longer than five seconds, there is a greater chance that the patient’s head will move – making the scan inaccurate.
The user interface should be easy enough to use so that anyone with a small amount of basic training would be able to completely understand what to do.
Of all the requirements for the system, the most important is how the system affects the patient. There should be NO NEGATIVE SIDE-EFFECTS as a result of using our system.

7. What is 3D capture?
MAYBE ADD PICTURE? SOMETHING TO FILL IN WHITE SPACE
Put in 3d image

8. Methods of Depth Capture
Time of Flight
A laser is pulsed
Distance is measured from the time it takes for the pulse to return
Geometrical
Emitter + Sensor at different positions
Triangulation
Time of flight: The emitter and sensor are in the same place. An emitter sends out a pulse of light and based on the amount of time it takes to return to the sensor determines the distance based on the speed of light.
Geometrical: the emitter and sensor are at different positions. The depth is calculated using triangulation (trigonometry and geometry)

9. Triangulation
Using geometry it is possible to determine depth if you know:
The distance between the sensor and the laser (D)
The angle of incidence (Z) Z D
SENSOR
LASER

10. Point Cloud An output format of a 3D scanner (.ply)
Creates a collection of spatial coordinates
From this a mesh (.obj) can be created and surface distances along the curvature can be measured
Point cloud bunny
Mesh bunny

11. Equipment Surveys ADD MORE
Intro to what we’ve looked into – as a transition slide
Bulleted – what we’ve looked at

12. FaceGen
Add the three photos of rose on the left (the different views)
September 15, 2011

13. Kinect

14. Kinect’s infared dots
(stand in front of screen)

15. LiDAR

16. Structured Light Scanner

17. DAVID Laser Scanner

18. difficult to calibrate DAVID Laser Scanner
Good
Fair
Poor
Portability
Accuracy (± .5mm)
Robustness
Speed
Cost
Kinect
LiDAR
(Time of Flight)
Structed Light
difficult to calibrate 
DAVID Laser Scanner
Line Scanner
20 minute capture time
Z-Scanner
Modulated Light
C3D
Stereoscopic System
Photometric System
Silhouette
Conoscopic Holography

19. Extract measurements from point cloud data
Schedule
Fall
• Research
• Equipment Surveys
• Demonstrations of 3D capture
• Pugh Analysis (narrowing down to 3 options)
PDR
Prelimary Design Review
Winter
Continue with Pugh Analysis
• Trade off studies to test different options
• Develop a design (by week 7)
• Choose final system option(s) and create Work Breakdown Structures for each
CDR
Critical Design Review
Spring
• Complete final design
• Buy components
• Build system(s)
• Test system(s)
• Have final product for
Coding
Research to
understand
theories of
Software
Extract measurements from point cloud data

20. Questions?