1. Early American History American, Pre-1500

2. Origins of American Indians Traditional View– Beringian Strait (Begins 12,000 to 40,000 years ago) Why? Push & Pull Pressures

3. Land bridge

5. Migration South How Long? 500 to 1000 years to get to tip of South America Evidence DNA, Artifacts (e.g. Clovis & Folsom Points)

6. Newer Theories Recent theory – SW Europe & Asia by sea (18,000 to 40,000 years ago) Finds in PA., VA., & Chile

8. South America

9. North America, Pre-1500

10. North American Indian Tribes -- 1500

11. Cibola

12. Ancestral Pueblo Cliff Dwellings

13. North American Indian Tribes -- 1500

15. Europe before the Columbus Voyages Conditions that encouraged exploration: Renaissance- curiosity – Marco Polo (1298) – Crusades (1095-1270) Norse examples- Erik the Red, Leif Eriksson Vinland (L’Anse aux Meadows) ~1001 CE International trade and exploration barriers that made sea path to Asia attractive Science – navigation (compass & astrolabe) Gunpowder and technology Trade – middle class & corporations

16. Conditions encouraging European exploration, cont. Nation-states (resources and needs) France- Charles VII 1453 (end of 100 Years War) England- Henry VII 1485 (end of the War of Roses) Portugal John I fought off Castillians Spain- Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castille marry in 1469 and defeat the Muslims at Granada in 1492 (expansionists). Religious zeal Muslims & Sephardi Jews in Spain – convert or leave. Hugenots in France. Convert the natives Exploration of the Portugese – Prince Henry Diaz (Cape of Good Hope)