1. Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, and The Odyssey

2. Greek Mythology Mythology is the study of myths Myths are stories involving gods, goddesses, and heroes Why did myths begin? – To entertain – To explain natural phenomena – To explain the relationship of god to man – To teach lessons and morals

3. Ancient Gods of Greek Mythology

4. It All Started with Chaos The world was formed from a great mass called Chaos Out from Chaos came Gaea, the earth Goddess She gave birth to a son, Uranus, and together they had six children Three 50 headed & 100-handed giants and three one-eyed Cyclopes Uranus hated these children and sent them to the underworld On their second try, Uranus and Gaea produced seven Titans: – CLYMENE – HYPERION – CRONUS – PHALLA – PHOEBE – RHEA – TETHYS

5. The Betrayals Continue Gaea, however, was still upset that Uranus banished their other children She told the Titans what Uranus had done and asked them to seek revenge Cronus (their son) did seek revenge by castrating Uranus, and becoming the new ruler But, when he saw the other children, he agreed they were too ugly to allow out of the underworld Cronus married Rhea They had five children, but since Gaea had warned him that one of his kids would overthrow him, Cronus swallowed his own children Rhea was tired of this, so she hid the sixth child, Zeus, in Crete When Cronus asked for the child, Rhea wrapped a rock in clothes and Cronus swallowed it

6. Zeus Takes Vengeance Zeus grows up, Rhea tells him the story about his siblings, and he plots revenge against Cronus He poisons Cronus, and his siblings pop out of Cronus’s belly (after the rock, of course) After this, Zeus tries to take over, but the other Titans wont recognize him, so they start a war Gaea tells Zeus about her first six children, and with their help he wins against the Titans. Then he takes the whole family to Mt. Olympus (Thus the name Olympian Gods)

7. Zeus (Jupiter) After overthrowing his father Cronus, Zeus drew straws with his brothers Poseidon and Hades. Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods He is lord of the sky, the rain god His symbol is a thunderbolt which he hurls at those who anger him He is married to Hera, but is famous for his many affairs with goddesses and mortals He is also known to punish those that lie or break oaths

8. Zeus’ Wives, Lovers, and Offspring

9. Hera (Juno) She is queen of the gods, the goddess of marriage, and the protector of married women She is the sister and wife of the god Zeus She was a jealous wife, who often persecuted Zeus’s mistresses and children Her symbol is a golden crown

10. Ares (Mars) He is the god of war He was regarded as the father of the Roman people His symbols are a sword, spear, and vulture

11. Hestia (Vesta) She is the first child of Cronus and Rhea She is the goddess of home, hearth, and hospitality She is often referred to as “the forgotten goddess” because very few of her adventures were recorded Her symbol is sacred fire

12. Poseidon (Neptune) Brother of Zeus and Hades Lord of the sea To impress Demeter, Poseidon created the first horse. In some accounts, his first attempts were unsuccessful and he created a variety of other animals in his quest His symbol is a trident, which can shake the earth and shatter any object He is second only to Zeus in power among the gods He has a difficult, quarrelsome personality, is greedy, and has many disputes with other gods

13. Hades (Pluto) Brother of Zeus and Poseidon He had the worst draw and was made lord of the underworld, ruling over the dead He is a greedy god who is greatly concerned with increasing his subjects and doesn’t want any of them to leave God of wealth, due to the precious metals mined from the earth He has a helmet that makes him invisible He rarely leaves the underworld. He has no pity and is mean His symbol is a scepter—a two pronged staff

14. Demeter (Ceres) She is the goddess of grain and harvest; she is also Persephone’s mother She was unwilling to give consent to Hades, god of the underworld to marry her daughter Persephone Hades seized Persephone and had her mother wander and search for her lost daughter (vegetation died and famine prevailed) She is associated with the four seasons Her symbol is a rake

15. Athena (Minerva) Daughter of Zeus, she sprang from his forehead—full grown and in armor The goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, justice and skill She is fierce and brave in battle She invented the bridle, which permitted man to tame horses, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot She represents wisdom, reason, and purity. She was Zeus's favorite child and was allowed to use his weapons, including his thunderbolt Her symbols are the olive tree and the owl She is a virgin goddess

16. Hephaestus (Vulcan) He is the god of fire and metalwork; he is also Aphrodite’s husband As an artisan among the gods, Hephaestus made their armor, weapons, and jewelry In contrast to other gods, he is crippled He was removed from Olympus, the heavens He was the only Olympian to return to Olympus His symbol is a hammer

17. Apollo & Artemis (Diana) Apollo “protector of young men” – He is the god of sun, music, and prophecy – He is Artemis’ twin – He was the first victor in the ancient Olympic Games – His symbols are a golden chariot and bow Artemis “guardian of young women” – She is the goddess of hunting and the moon – She is Apollo’s twin – Her symbols are a silver bow & arrow and deer

18. Hermes (Mercury) Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is the god of messengers, safe travel, good fortune, trickery, and truth While Hermes can never tell a lie, he may not always tell the whole truth He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals, a winged hat, and carries a magic wand He guides the dead to the underworld He invented the lyre, the pipes, the musical scale, astronomy, weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the care of olive trees

19. Aphrodite (Venus) She is the goddess of love and beauty She is described as having sprung from the foam of the sea She is the wife of Hephaestus, the god of fire and metalwork She was the rival of Persephone, queen of the underworld Her symbol is a dove

20. Circe Circe, daughter of the sun god Helios, was a sorceress best known for her ability to turn men into animals with her magic wand She was jealous of Scylla, a beautiful young woman, and turned Scylla into a sea monster

21. The Sirens The Sirens are creatures with the head of a female and the body of a bird They lived on three small rocky islands, and with the irresistible charm of their song, they lured sailors to their death on the rocks surrounding the island

22. Scylla Circe, jealous of Scylla, poisoned the water where Scylla bathed Scylla became a monster with twelve feet and six heads, each with three rows of teeth. Below the waist her body was made up of hideous dog-like monsters She threatened passing ships, and in the Odyssey she ate six of Odysseus’s companions

23. Helios The god of the sun His chariot rises in the East and descends in the West (like the sun) Warm, friendly and compassionate, Helios respects truth and honesty Helios was keeper of the sacred cattle His symbol is the chariot

24. Calypso Calypso was a nymph, the daughter of the Titan Atlas She lived on the island of Ogygia Calypso fell in love with Odysseus, taking him as her lover and promising him immortality if he would stay with her In Greek mythology, nymphs are spirits of nature They are minor female goddesses and the protectors of springs, mountains, and rivers

25. The Muses These are the 9 daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus Each is in charge of a different art or science and inspires those who excel at these pursuits – Clio = history – Urania = astronomy – Melpomene = tragedy – Thalia = comedy – Terpsichore = dance – Calliope = epic poetry – Erato = love poetry – Polyhymnia = songs – Euterpe = lyric poetry

26. Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, and The Odyssey

27. Homer’s The Odyssey The Odyssey is an epic poem based on Greek mythology What is an Epic Poem? – A long narrative poem about a national or legendary hero

28. Who is Homer? Author of The Iliad and The Odyssey The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War The Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus’s long trip home after the war Scholars think Homer lived between 1500 B.C. and 700 B.C. Most scholars believe he was blind, but there is no evidence to verify this

29. Characteristics of an Epic Poem Incorporate myth, legend, folk tale, and history Have a grand tone Heroes and their adventures appear larger than life (Epic Hero) Many were drawn from oral tradition

30. Homer Continued Homer used the legendary material of the Trojan war as the basis for his poems – adding original plot structure, realistic characters, dialogue and detail, and tales of fabulous monsters The study of Homer’s epics became the basis of Greek education Homer made his characters believable by giving them both good and bad traits

31. The Trojan War Due to a promise they had made to King Menelaus to help him defend Helen’s honor, all the kings of Greece went to Troy to fight to get Helen back The Greeks fought the Trojans for 10 years Odysseus came to the rescue with a strategy to win the war that involved a huge wooden horse

32. Fighting Over a Girl? Helen, a mortal daughter of Zeus, was the most beautiful girl in the world Only there was a huge problem—she was already married to King Menelaus Paris went to Sparta, met and fell in love with Helen, and they ran away together to Troy (Paris’s home) Menelaus demanded that his wife be returned, and when Paris refused The Trojan War began

33. The Trojan Horse To gain entrance into Troy, clever Odysseus ordered a large wooden horse to be built Its insides were hollow so that soldiers could hide within it All the Greek ships sailed away and left the Trojan horse behind (To make it look like they had given up) The Spartans thought they had won the war, brought the horse into the city, and had a drunken celebration While the Spartans slept, Odysseus and his men climbed out of the horse’s belly, let their comrades into the city, and slaughtered the Spartans

34. Greek Mythology, Epic Poetry, and The Odyssey

35. The Odyssey It’s an 11,300 line epic poem divided into 24 books (chapters) It was passed down orally between the generations

36. Three Parts to the Story Odysseus’s wanderings for 10 years after the Trojan War What happens in Ithaca to his wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, while he is gone? What happens when Odysseus returns home to reclaim his throne and family? How long has Odysseus been away from home?

37. Themes in The Odyssey loyalty & devotion wandering hero triumph of good over evil obedience to the laws of the gods Greek ideal of a strong body & strong mind

38. Odysseus The son of Laertes and the ruler of the island kingdom of Ithaca He was one of the most prominent Greek leaders in the Trojan War, and is the epic hero of The Odyssey He was known for his cleverness and cunning, and for his eloquence as a speaker Favored by Athena

39. Penelope Penelope was the daughter of Icarius and a first cousin of Helen of Troy She was the wife of Odysseus She was famous for her cleverness and for her faithfulness to her husband for 20 years

40. Telemachus Odysseus and Penelope’s son Favored by Athena She helped him gain self-confidence and assertiveness when his father was gone for so many years (He grew up without a father)

41. Timeline of Odysseus’ Adventures 1.Fights in the Trojan War 2.Island of Cicones 3.Land of the Lotus Eaters 4.Land of the Cyclopes 5.Island of Aeolus 6.Circe’s Island (1 year) 7.Lured by Sirens 8.Trouble at sea against Scylla and Charybdis 9.Island of Helios (Stranded about 1 month-crew ate cattle) HOME! 10.Calypso keeps Odysseus for 7 years 11.Odysseus washes ashore at Phaeacia - Land of the Laestrygones (cannibals) 12.Zeus destroys ship 13.Odysseus returns home to Ithaca