1. The
Industrial
Revolution

2. Why Did France Not Lead the Industrial Revolution?
French Economic Disadvantages
Years of war
Supported the American Revolution.
French Revolution.
Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars
Heavy debts.
High unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts.
French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

3. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

4. Population
Trade
Consumer Demand
Technology

5. Canal System

6. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

7. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

8. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

9. Young Coal Miners

10. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

11. British Pig Iron Production

12. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

13. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”

14. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

15. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

16. Textile Factory Workers in England

17. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

18. Industrialism: poverty or Progress
Cotton industry the most important sector to industrialize
Important case study to evaluate: poverty or progress
Spinning jenny increased rate of production
Increased rate of importing cotton
1760: 1.1 mil kg
1787: 10 mil kg
1837: 121 mil kig
“England outpaced Indias cotton production:
India: 45kg cotton spun in 50,000 hours
UK: 45 kg spun in 300 hours
Consequences

19. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

20. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

21. The Power Loom

22. James Watt’s Steam Engine

23. Steam Tractor

24. Steam Ship

25. An Early Steam Locomotive

26. Later Locomotives

27. The Impact of the Railroad

28. “The Great Land Serpent”

29. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

30. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

31. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

32. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

33. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

34. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

35. Industrial Staffordshire

36. The New Industrial City

37. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

38. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

39. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman

40. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

41. Factory Workers at Home

42. Protests / Reformers

43. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

44. The Luddites

45. The Neo-Luddites Today

46. New Ways of
Thinking

47. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

48. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

49. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

50. Jeremy Bentham

51. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

52. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

53. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

54. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

55. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

56. Industrialization By 1850

57. Railroads on the Continent

58. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900