2. THE EVOLUTION OF GENUS HOMO

3. 6 SPECIES OF HOMO 1. HOMO habilis 1. 2.3-1.5 mya 2. East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia) & southern Africa 3. Increased brain size (680-800ml) 4. Stone tools

4. EXAMPLE: Homo habilis at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Brain size & face showed advances towards more human-like form Skeletal remains discovered at Olduvai Gorge in 1986 by Don Johanson revealed limb sizes and proportions nearly identical to australopithecines

5. 6 SPECIES OF HOMO 2. Homo ergaster 1. 1.8-1.6 mya 2. Lake Turkana, Kenya 3. Increased Brain Size (800-880 ml) 4. Thinner Skull with smaller facial bones (than Homo erectus)

6. EXAMPLE: Turkana Boy Skeleton 90% of skeleton of adolescent male found west of Lake Turkana in the mid 1980s 1.6 mya, very modern skeleton, similar to that of fully modern human

7. 6 SPECIES OF HOMO 3. Homo Erectus 1. 1.8 mya – 33,000 ya 2. Africa, then Russia, China, Java, Italy, etc. (p. 270-71) 3. 50% increased brain size (900- 1600 ml) 4. Fire, clothing, shelters, cooking

8. Homo erectus Facial Morphology

9. EXAMPLE: Peking Man Reconstruction

10. 6 SPECIES OF HOMO 4. Homo antecessor 1. 780,000 ya 2. Gran Dolina, Spain (oldest fossil humans in EU!) 3. Increased Brain Size (1000 ml) 4. Direct ancestor of H. heidelbergensis & H. neanderthalensis (?)

11. EXAMPLE: Homo antecessor Mixture of "archaic" and "modern" traits, with especially modern-looking mid-face Other features are not unique & could be considered a form of European H. erectus

12. 6 SPECIES OF HOMO 5. Homo heidelbergensis 1. 130,000 ya – 700,000 ya 2. Germany, China, Ethiopia, Greece, Hungary, Zambia, etc. (p.289) 3. Increased Brain Size (1000-1400 ml) 4. “Prepared Core” tools, wooden spears, dealt with changing environments

13. EXAMPLE: The Steinheim Cranium The Steinheim specimen excavated in the 1930s from Germany 1st archaic cranium discovered in Europe

14. Archaic Homo sapiens Hominids with larger brains & more modern cranial features than classic H. erectus Recently divided into Homo antecessor & heidelbergensis Taxonomy is problematic: some fossils could be H. erectus, others could be direct ancestors of later Neanderthals or pre- modern forms of H. sapiens AFRICAN ARCHAICS EUROPEAN ARCHAICS Kabwe, ZambiaBodo, Ethiopia Arago, FrancePetroloma, Greece

15. 6 SPECIES OF HOMO 6. Homo neanderthalensis 1. 28,000 ya – 225,000 ya 2. Belgium, Croatia, Germany, France, Iraq, Israel, Italy (p.297) 3. Increased Brain Size (1200-1700 ml) 4. “Retouched flakes” (tool use), big game hunters, buried dead, cave art, early language?, compassion

16. EXAMPLE: Original Neanderthal Skullcap

17. Neanderthal Features

18. Neanderthal Adaptations

19. AfricanEuropean-SW AsianEast AsianAustralian Modern Human Regional Variation

31. Part of mDNA extracted recently from bones of a 60,000 year old modern Homo sapiens skeleton found in 1974 on the shores of Lake Mungo in Australia Oldest DNA extracted from a human so far! Comparison of this DNA with that of 9 other ancient Australian skeletons, 2 Neandertals, and 3,453 contemporary people from around the world indicates: "Mungo Man" had a unique genetic marker Indicates that a now lost genetic line of modern Homo sapiens existed in Australia BEFORE arrival of later Australian Aborigines This evidence provides significant support for rejecting the "out of Africa" complete replacement model of modern Homo sapiens evolution Recent Research: “Mungo Man”