1. WG CDR AVK RAJU GD SPL (AV MED) AIR FORCE STATION MUMBAI

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10

11. SENSE OF ONE’S  POSITION  MOTION  ATTITUDE IN RELATION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE DEFINED BY  SURFACE OF THE EARTH  THE GRAVITATIONAL VERTICAL 11

12.  AN AVIATOR FAILS TO SENSE CORRECTLY, HIS MOTION, POSITION AND ATTITUDE WITH IN THE FIXED COORDINATE SYSTEM PROVIDED BY THE SURFACE OF EARTH AND THE GRAVITATIONAL VERTICAL 12

13. 13  Study on 55 pilots (Aggarwal, 1999)  1 episode of SD 91%  >1 episode of SD 60%  Type I (22.2%); Type II (53.5%); Type III (24.2%)  R accident analysis (Gomez, Ghosh) 1995-2000  Total Major accidents related to SD 12  Total Fatalities 18

14. 1. VISUAL - FOCAL & PERIPHERAL - FOCAL & PERIPHERAL 2. VESTIBULAR 3. PROPRIOCEPTIVE - MUSCLE, TENDON & JOINT - MUSCLE, TENDON & JOINT 4. CUTANEOUS - MECHANORECEPTORS - MECHANORECEPTORS 5. AUDITORY 14

15. 15 VISUAL – 90 % VESTIBULAR – 5 % PROPRIOCEPTIVE – 5 %

16. 16 IMPORTANT FOR ORIENTATION IMPORTANT FOR ORIENTATION

17. 17 WHAT VISION WHERE VISION

18. VISUAL ORIENTATION CUES BINOCULAR CUES Stereopsis Accommodation Convergence MONOCULAR CUES Size constancy Aerial Perspective Linear Perspective Motion Parallax Interposition Texture and gradient

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24

25. (Helicopter Aircrew) 25

26. SHAPE CONSTANCY 26

27. SIZE CONSTANCY 27

28. 28

29. 29

30. 30

31. 31

33. THE SHADOW CAST BY MOVING ROTORS PASSING OVER COCKPIT CAUSE THIS ILLUSION 33

34. 34

35. 35

36. TYPE – I: UNRECOGNISED TYPE – II: RECOGNISED TYPE – III: INCAPACITATED 36

37.  IMC  NIGHT FLYING  UN-NECESSARY HEAD MOVEMENTS  FORMATION FLYING IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS  HYPOXIA  PHYSICAL & MENTAL HEALTH OF AIRCREW  FATIGUE 37

38. . NIGHT. BAD WEATHER : RAIN, SNOW, FOG, MIST, HAZE. HIGH ALTITUDE. MONSOON. CLOUD. OVER FEATURELESS TERRAIN. ATMOSPHERIC WHITE OUT. BLACK-HOLE APPROACHES 38

39. PREVENTION OF SD AIRCREW FACTORS AIRCRAFT FACTORS OPERATIONAL FACTORS 39 SELECTION HEALTH & MEDICATION INDOCTRINATION & TRG IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES INSTRUMENT PROFIENCY BREAK IN FLYING GOOD COCKPIT LAYOUT HUD AUTO PILOT DISPLAY

40.  DO NOT MIX IMC WITH VMC (IMF WITH VMF)  TRUST YOUR INSTRUMENTS  DO NOT ANALYSE THE SITUATION  MAINTAIN INSTRUMENT SCAN PATTERN  TALK, GIVE YOUR HEAD A SHAKE  HAND OVER CONTROLS TO CO-PILOT  CALL OUT EMERGENCY, SEEK HELP  ENGAGE AUTOPILOT 40

41. DISO TRG IN IAF 41

42. 42