2. Ovulation Definition: The process of in which mature follicle ruptures and the secondary oocyte with zona pellucida & corona radiata is expelled into peritoneal cavity.

3. Result of ovulation release of oocyte ruptured follicle undergoes re-organization and is transformed into the corpus luteum.

4. Mature follicle ovulation Menstruation C.L. Secondary oocyte Corpus luteum ( 黄体 ) Fertilization Pregnancy C. L corpus albicans 白体 follicular Cells

5. Corpus luteum * Formed by a ruptured follicle * two types: menstruation C.L Pregnancy C.L *cell types: granulosa lutein c. progesterone ( 孕激素 ), relaxin theca lutein c. estrogen( 雌激素 ).

7. Fate of corpus luteum corpus albicans CA

8. Atretic follicle *The process of follicular atresia may occur at any stage in the development of the ovum. *The histological appearance of atretic follicles varies enormously, depending on the stage of development reached. atretic follicle

9. Atretic follicle

13. Hilus cell located at the hilum of ovary. morphologically very similar to Leydig cells of the testis. Those cells can produce androgen.

14. Oviduct / Uterine tube / Fallopian tubes conducts ova from the surface of the ovary to the uterine cavity is the site of fertilization by spermatozoa 4 parts: infundibulum ampulla isthmus interstitial part

16. Histological structure of oviduct *three layers: mucosa muscularis serosa *a labyrinth of branching longitudinal folds in mucosa *simple columnar epith. two types of cells: ciliated cells secretory cells

17. Uterus *perimetrium : fibrosa, serosa *myometrium *endometrium -epithelium: simple columnar epith. -laminar propria: thick, numerous tubular glands glands and stroma undergo extensive changes during the menstrual cycle.

19. Endometrium Epithelium: simple columnar epith with two types of cells. Laminar propria: C.T uterine glands stroma cell spiral artery capillary network

20. Functional layer: * exhibits dramatic changes throughout the cycle. *is shed during menstruation *is supplied by spiral arteries which are responsive to the hormonal changes. Basal layer: *adjacent to the myometrium *undergoes little change *is supplied by straight A. *is capacity of proliferation.

21. Cyclic changes in the endometrium Beginning with puberty and ending at the menopause, the endometrium undergoes periodic changes, which is called menstrual cycle. menstrual phase : first - 4 th day proliferative phase : 5 th –14 th day secretory phase: 15 th – 28 th day

22. menstrual phase Degeneration of the corpus luteum The level of Estrogen & progesterone decreased Spiral A constriction Spiral A relax Bleeding (hemorrhage) resulting in ischemia endometrium discharges, necrosis

23. Menstrual phase

24. Estrogen increasing Proliferative phase The growth of follicles *regeneration of endometrium *proliferation of stroma c. *uterine glands grow, lengthen and become closely packed. *glycogen accumulates in the basal region of the glandular c toward of the end of this phase. * Spiral arteries elongate

26. Formation of the corpus luteum * endometrium thickness. *glands lengthen, swell and coil. *glycogen moves to the apical zone of the glandular cells. *coiled arteries grow nearly to the surface of endometrium Secretory phase