1. Genetic Transformation and Protein Synthesis

2. Basic Unit of Life Cells Made of –outside (cell membrane) –Inside (cytoplasm and organelles) Governed by genetic material (DNA) –DNA wrapped in a membrane = nucleus Characteristic of EUKARYOTIC cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists, etc) –DNA loose in cytoplasm = nucleoid region Characteristic of PROKARYOTIC CELLS (Bacteria)

4. DNA Extraction Virtual lab http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/ extraction/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/ extraction/

5. Are their cells different sizes?

6. Cell Size Cells cannot grow to unlimited size Nucleus cannot control movement into and out of cell membrane Not enough of assorted organelles to get necessary work done (proteins made, waste removed, etc.) Key is surface area to volume ratio –A cell must have enough membrane on the outside (ie, surface area) to control what enters and leaves the cell.

7. Fill in the data chart S = width of one side S 2 = surface area of one side X 6 = total surface area S 3 = volume Surface area to volume ratio

8. Cells divide so they can maintain homeostasis. Requires copies of all cell contents including DNA DNA copies by semi-conservative replication. –Each strand is half old and half new. MITOSIS: Basic cell division for growth and repair. –Interphase (G1, S and G2) –M phase: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase … –followed by Cytokinesis –Results in two “daughter” cells

9. Phases of the cell cycle:

10. Plants use cell plate to separate new cells until cell wall can be made.

11. DNA Structure: The Double Helix Basic unit is a nucleotide made of: Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogenous base purines (double ring) pyrimidines (single ring)

12. Photo 51

13. DNA Replication occurs in “S” portion of Interphase. DNA must be copied so every new cell has the same number and same kind of chromosomes as every other cell. Process is semi-conservative

14. Principle of Base Pairing Adenine-Thymine Held together by two hydrogen bonds Cytosine-Guanine Held together by three hydrogen bonds.

15. Sister chromatids Shorter arm Longer arm THE STRUCTURE OF DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES AS SEEN IN METAPHASE

16. Human karyotype: n=23, 2n=46

17. Mutations

18. How is RNA different from DNA?

19. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA) Types of RNA

20. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – consists of RNA nucleotides in the form of a single uncoiled chain. –mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytosol. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - consists of a single chain of about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape that binds to specific amino acids. –tRNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes. –About 45 varieties of tRNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - most abundant form of RNA. –rRNA consists of RNA nucleotides in a globular cluster. –Joined by proteins, rRNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made.

21. Protein Synthesis