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Ten Years After: Where is ISAP?

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Presentation on theme: "Ten Years After: Where is ISAP?"— Presentation transcript:

1 Ten Years After: Where is ISAP?
William A. Craig, M.D. University of Wisconsin Madison, WI

2 Birth of ISAP 1986-89 Informal discussions
June1989 Organizational meeting in Upsala, Sweden after Stockholm Symposium on Dosing of Antimicrobials July 1991 Society created at Berlin ICC

3 Name of Society Initial suggestions developed in Iceland after an opera performance AIDA - Association for the Improvement of Dosing of Anti-Infectives OTELLO - Organization for Terminating Every Little Living Organism International Society of Anti-Infective Pharmacology (ISAP) chosen in 1990 to emphasize pharmacology as the basic science for activities of the organization

4 “Objects and Purposes of the Society”
To encourage the study and advancement of the science of Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics and the Dosing of Anti-Infectives

5 “Objects and Purposes of the Society”
To encourage the study and advancement of the science of Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics and the Dosing of Anti-Infectives To promote the objects above by way of scientific communication to conferences and by other means, especially by meeting jointly with kindred organizations

6 Pharmacodynamics before 1991
Primarily descriptive in vitro and in vivo phemonena (e.g. PAE, PAE-SME, PALE, etc) initial identification of PK/PD parameters in in vitro and animal models Application to new dosing regimens for established drugs (e.g. once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides, continuous infustion of beta-lactams)

7 Pharmacodynamics in 2001 Correlation between PK/PD results in animal and in vitro models with outcome in humans with certain classes of drug (e.g. beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and amingolycosides) Application in early drug discovery, dosage regimen design for clinical trials, determination of susceptibility breakpoints, guideline development and prevention of resistance.

8 Pharmacodynamics in 2001 Greatest impact with antibacterials where pharmacodynamics is being applied throughout the pharmaceutical industry Increasing application to antifungal, antiviral and anti-HIV drugs

9 “Objects and Purposes of the Society”
To encourage the study and advancement of the science of Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics and the Dosing of Anti-Infectives To promote the objects above by way of scientific communication to conferences and by other means, especially by meeting jointly with kindred organizations

10 Activities of ISAP Symposia at ICAAC, ECCMID, ICC, ISDA
Educational workshops at ICAAC and ECCMID Workshops and meetings with regulatory agencies in USA and Europe

11 Topics of Symposia Pharmacodynamics of antivirals, antifungals, new antibacterials, and immunomodulating agents Application of pharmacodynamics to: drug discovery and development, susceptibility testing, treatment and prevention of antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial toxicity

12 Activities of ISAP Symposia at ICAAC, ECCMID, ICC, ISDA
Educational workshops at ICAAC and ECCMID Workshops and meetings with regulatory agencies in USA and Europe

13 FDA-IDSA Guidelines (1992)
Minimal comments on pharmacodynamics Postantibiotic effect (in vitro and in vivo) - importance for dosing schedule Clin Infect Dis 15 (Suppl 1):S1-S346, 1992

14 Points to Consider (1992) Addendum: Dose-response testing
Use of PK/PD data to select initial dosing regimen believed to be “optimal dose”

15 NCCLS Documents (1991-92) No mention of pharmacodynamics
Breakpoints often determined by MIC distributions alone Peak levels used for many oral agents

16 FDA Moderization Act (1997) FDAMA
Section Expediting study and approval of fast tract drugs - PD (surrogate) endpoints Section Clinical investigations (single clinical trial) -”confirmatory evidence” comprising PK & PK/PD

17 Developing Antimicrobial Drugs General Considerations (7/98)
Section VI. Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics - added guidance on PK/PD Evaluation of Antimicrobial Drugs tool for providing additional level of certainty - selection of optimal dosage regimen increased utilization - prospectively incorporate throughout development encourage discussion with the Agency

18 PK/PD Parameters Correlation with antimicrobial efficacy - in vitro models animal models patients Other approaches/markers More data needed from clinical trials to adequately “validate” parameters/markers

19 Pharmacodynamics Correlation of PK or PK/PD Parameters
-AUC, peak, trough, Peak/MIC, AUC/MIC, time above MIC with -microbial outcome (eradication, persistence, resistance) -surrogate endpoint (CD4, viral load) -clinical outcome (cure, improvement, failure)

20 PK/PD Applications Facilitate early selection of lead drug candidates (e.g. pre-clinical screening) Select appropriate dosage regimen (e.g. Phase II/III) Better understand clinical/microbiologic outcome (e.g. Phase III) More efficient drug development program (Facilitate establishment of susceptibility breakpoints)

21 PK/PD Applications Optimal dosing to reduce the risk of resistance
Optimal dosing to reduce the risk of toxicity Improved dose recommendations to prescribing physicians

22 PK/PD Applications To reduce number of clinical cases for indication against certain pathogens (penicillin-resistant pneumococci) Not yet to reduce clinical trials from 2 to 1, even though this is possible with FDAMA

23 CPMP (European Regulatory): Points to Consider on PK and PD in the Development of Antibacterial Medicinal Products “CPMP….. Recommends that the PK/PD relationships for an antibacterial medicinal product should be investigated during the development process” “CPMP recommends that emergence of resistance be an integral part of investigation of the PK/PD outcome relationship to better understand the role of dosing to contain antimicrobial resistance”

24 CPMP (European Regulatory): Points to Consider on PK and PD in the Development of Antibacterial Medicinal Products “However, the CPMP does not believe that current information would support the use of preclinical information on the PK/PD relationships to significantly reduce the scope and content of the phase III development program” “There may be areas in which detailed study of PK/PD relationships might potentially impact the clinical program - special populations, rare pathogens, certain types of infections”

25 PK/PD Parameters with Beta-Lactams
Time above MIC is the major determinant of efficacy in animal models 24-hr AUC/MIC and time above MIC have both been shown to be predictive of efficacy in humans (very limited number of dosing regimens) Consensus ????

26 PK/PD Parameters with Fluoroquinolones
24-hr AUC/MIC major determinant of efficacy in animal models Peak/MIC, 24-hr AUC/MIC, and time above MIC all shown to be predictive of efficacy in humans (very limited number of dosing regimens) Consensus ????

27 PK/PD Parameters and Levofloxacin
Parameter Estimate P-Value Peak/MIC <0.001 Time > MIC <0.001 AUC/MIC Preston et al JAMA 1998: 279:

28 PK/PD Parameters with Fluoroquinolones
Magnitude of 24-hr AUC/MIC required for efficacy of gram-negative bacilli and Streptococcus pneumoniae? Is magnitude of PK/PD parameter in ELF (Epithelial lining fluid) important for lower respiratory infections Consensus???

29 Pharmacodynamics and Regulatory Organizations
Regulatory organizations have shown considerable interest in pharmacodynamics over the past few years FDA has started to use pharmacodynamics as “confirmatory evidence” in the approval process Consensus and further validation in clinical trials is needed to increase acceptance of pharmacodynamic concepts by regulatory organizations

30 Factors to Consider when Establishing Breakpoints (NCCLS)-M23 Document
Population distributions of MICs Known resistance mechanisms Relationship between MICs and clinical and bacteriologic outcome in clinical trials Pharmacodynamics - PK/PD parameter correlating with efficacy; magnitude with proposed breakpoints & comparison with other drugs in same class

31 Pharmacodynamic and Old and New (Jan 2000)
NCCLS Susceptibility Breakpoints for Various Oral ß-Lactams with Streptococcus pneumoniae Old PD Breakpoint New Drug Breakpoint (T>MIC >40%) Breakpoint Amoxicillin Cefaclor Cefuroxime Cefprozil Cefpodoxime Cefixime

32 “Objects and Purposes of the Society”
To encourage research and training by way of grants from the funds of the Society

33 Tasks for the Future Get involved in writing and publishing consensus statements Look for and emphasize the similarity of results by different techniques and approaches rather than the differences Prepare basic and advanced pharmacodynamics courses for certification for ID fellows, ID pharmacists, microbiologists and others

34 Ten Years After: Where is ISAP?
William A. Craig, M.D. University of Wisconsin Madison, WI

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