1. Lecture 6: Classification – Boosting and SVMs CAP 5415 Fall 2006

2. Course Project Basic Requirement: Implement a vision algorithm How complex?  The experiments/implementation details should be interesting enough for a 4-5 page write-up.  If you choose a relatively simple algorithm, then you should do interesting experiments to test the algorithm's limits

3. Groups I encourage you to work in groups  Can do more interesting projects  Should be more interesting projects Come talk to me if you would like to work in a group, but don't know anyone Group write-up: 6-8 pages Possible goal: CVPR07 Submission (Dec 4)  ~20% acceptance rate, don't plan on submitting second-rate work

4. How do I pick a project? Strategy #1:  Pick topic that you think is interesting  Read three papers on that topic  Implement one  Or implement your own solution  Could be original research Lots of opportunity in the area of computational photography  Come talk to me!!! I can point you to interesting papers that have come out recently

5. Strategy #2 I have a few original research ideas  Computational Photography  Surveillance  Object Segmentation Come talk to me to see what you're interested in and if you need help finding partners for a group project No advantage in terms of grading

6. Q:I work in one of the vision groups, can I just turn in my CVPR07 submission? A: No

7. Well, actually Your project may be related, but should not just be your current research project Examples  Related side project that you haven't had time to pursue in depth  Application of algorithms that you have developed for one problem to a different problem Should have interesting experiments

8. Getting it done Write-ups due Dec 2 Brief Proposal Due Nov 7 th  I would prefer Oct 18 th or 25 th Whatever you work on, keep me updated!!!! I am here to help!

9. Grading I will give you feedback on your proposal  The earlier you touch base with me, the better Once we agree, if you do what your proposal stated and turn in a good-quality write-up, you will get an “A” What if it doesn't work?  It happens a lot!  Good write-up explaining what went wrong, what you think the underlying problems are and how you would fix them if you were to keep working on this project I'm not talking about “I didn't understand the math” or “My code kept crashing”  Can still get an “A”

10. One last thing about projects I will be scheduling project meetings to meet with each group at the end of November Class will be canceled on November 21 That class will be your project meeting.

11. What's wrong with this decision boundary? (Assume this is the training data)

12. What's wrong with this decision boundary? What if you then tested on this data? This decision boundary over-fit the training data  Hard to do with a linear classifier, but easy with a non-linear classifier

13. How to tell if your classifier is overfitting Strategy #1:Hold out part of your data as a test set What if data is hard to come by? Strategy #2: k-fold cross-validation  Break the data set into k parts  For each part, hold a part out, then train the classifier and use the held out part as a test set  Slower than test-set method  More efficient use of limited data

14. Basic Set-up for Boosting We want to learn a classifier We will assume that F(x) has the form Basic Idea:  Iteratively Choose weak learners and set the weights

15. AdaBoost Initialization: D is a distribution over the training examples  Can also be thought of as a weight on each example From “A short introduction to boosting” by Freund and Schapire

16. Next Step: Get Weak Learner The weak learner trained to do as well as possible on the weighted training set  Must have better than 50% accuracy From “A short introduction to boosting” by Freund and Schapire

17. Next Reset Weights From “A short introduction to boosting” by Freund and Schapire

18. Demo

19. In this demo, each weak learner is a stump of the form (ax+by)>c

20. Demo

27. Looking at the algorithm again From “A short introduction to boosting” by Freund and Schapire

28. Advantages A simple algorithm for learning robust classifiers  Freund & Shapire, 1995  Friedman, Hastie, Tibshhirani, 1998 Provides efficient algorithm for sparse visual feature selection  Tieu & Viola, 2000  Viola & Jones, 2003 Easy to implement, does not require external optimization tools. (From Tutorial on Object Detection by Torralba, Ferbus, and Li – ICCV 2005)

29. Where do the weak learners come from? Any classifier can be a weak learner Common ones:  Stump: r(x) > c  Decision tree (Another kind of classifier) Combined with Adaboost, has been dubbed “Best off-the- shelf classifier” (Friedman, Hastie, and Tibshirani)

30. Application: Face Detection (Viola and Jones 2001)

31. Features Threshold on the response to simple features (Figures copied from Robust Real-time Object Detection by Viola and Jones) (2001)

32. Why? Viola and Jones introduce a trick that lets them compute the response to these features very quickly  Called integral image First step:  Doing a running, cumulative sum across the image

33. Integral Image Can compute the response in a square very easily

34. These features also capture important features of faces

35. How well does it work? 95% Detection Rate with a false positive rate of 1 in 14084

36. Is it fast? In 2001, one 384x288 image every 0.7 seconds Not real-time How can we make it faster?

37. Use a cascade A classifier with 2 weak-learners detect 100% of the faces with a 40% false positive rate  Have eliminated 60% of the training set with very little computation Can now train a slightly more complicated classifier to eliminate even more examples

38. The implementation 32 layers Layer 1 – Two Weak Learners (Rejects 60% of non-faces) Layer 2 – Five Weak Learners (Rejects 80% of non-faces) Layers 3-5 – 20 Weak Learners Layers 6-7 – 50 Weak Learners Layers 8-12 – 100 Weak Learners Layers 13-32 – 200 Weak Learners

39. Computation On average 8 features out of 4297 possible features are evaluated at every pixel On a 700Mhz Pentium III, can process a 384x288 image in 0.067 seconds Almost as accurate as without a cascade

40. The Support Vector Machine Boosted Classifiers and SVM's are probably the two most popular classifiers today I won't get into the math behind SVM's, if you are interested, you should take the pattern recognition course (highly recommended)

41. The Support Vector Machine Last time, we considered the problem of linear classification We used probabilities to fit the line

42. The Support Vector Machine Consider a different criterion Called the margin

43. The Support Vector Machine Margin – minimum distance from a data point to the decision boundary

44. The Support Vector Machine The SVM finds the decision boundary that maximizes the margin

45. The Support Vector Machine Data points along the boundary are known as support vectors

46. Non-Linear Classification in SVMs Last time, I showed how you could do non- linear classification by using non-linear transformations of the features x y This is the decision boundary from x 2 + 8xy + y 2 > 0 This is the same as making a new set of features, then doing linear classification

47. Non-Linear Classification in SVMs The decision function can be expressed in terms of dot-products Each α will be zero unless the vector is a support vector

48. Non-Linear Classification in SVMs What if we wanted to do non-linear classification? We could transform the features and compute the dot product of the transformed features. But there may be an easier way!

49. The Kernel Trick Let Φ(x) be a function that transforms x into a different space A kernel function K is a function such that

50. Example (Burges 98) If Then This is called the polynomial kernel

51. Gaussian RBF Kernel One of the most commonly used kernels Equivalent to doing a dot-product in an infinite dimensional space

52. The Kernel Trick So, with a kernel function K, the new classification rule is Basic Ideas:  Computing the kernel function should be easier than computing a dot-product in the transformed space  Other algorithms, like logistic regression can also be “kernelized”

53. So what if I want to use an SVM? There are well-developed packages with Python and MATLAB interfaces  libSVM  SVMLight  SVMTorch