2. Propaganda is: biased information intentionally spread to shape public opinion and behavior.

3. Characteristics of Propaganda Contains true, partially true, or blatantly false information and may selectively omit information Simplifies complex issues or ideas Plays on emotions Uses a variety of media (including symbols, images, words, music) May be used to advertise a cause, organization, or movement and attack opponents

4. Assumptions Propaganda can be put to positive or negative purposes Propaganda seeks assent, not reasoned argument; it is not brainwashing Propaganda works with our conscious and unconscious hopes, fears, and desires Propaganda gives collective permission for thought, speech and deed

5. Chancellor Adolf Hitler and President Paul von Hindenburg. Potsdam, Germany,1933. Context for the1936 Berlin Olympics

6. A couple is publicly humiliated for violating Nazi race taboos. Norden, Germany. July 1935. “I am a defiler of the race.” Nuremberg Laws

7. A motorcyclist reads a sign stating "Jews are not welcomed here." Germany, ca. 1935. Segregation in Germany

8. March 1933 The city of Cologne prohibits Jews from using city playgrounds and sports facilities. 4 April 1933 The German Boxing Federation excludes Jewish boxers from participating in competitive bouts and orders the cancellation of all contracts involving Jewish promoters. 25 April 1933 The Reich Sports Office directs implementation of an "Aryans only" policy in all German sports and gymnastic organizations. The order does not apply to Jewish war veterans or their descendants. 24 May 1933 The German Gymnastic Society decrees that "Aryan" ancestry is mandatory for membership in their organization. 2 June 1933 The Prussian Ministry of Science orders all Jewish youths expelled from village, city, county, and district groups of physical education associations and organizations 9 July 1933 The All-German Chess Convention excludes all Jews from its membership. 22 August 1933 Jews are excluded from public swimming pools in Wannsee (Berlin), Fulda, Beuthen, Speyer, and elsewhere. Sep/Oct 1933 "Non-Aryans" are prohibited from being professional or amateur jockeys. 7 March 1934 The Reich Youth Leadership prohibits German Jewish youth groups from wearing uniforms. 19 June 1935 The Baden Minister of Interior prohibits group hikes and similar activities for all non-National Socialist youth groups. Exclusion of Jews from Sport

9. Sign at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, site of the Winter Olympic Games, declares that "Jews are forbidden to enter." Germany, October 1935.

10. Conscripts born in 1915 and 1916 undergo medical tests for military service, Berlin, Germany, June 1937. Germany introduced general conscription in 1935 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Military Conscription

11. German forces cross the Hohenzollern Bridge over the Rhine during the occupation of the demilitarized zone of the Rhineland, a blatant violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Cologne, Germany, March 7, 1936. Remilitarization of the Rhineland

12. Thousands participate in drill during a Nazi party sporting event at Nuremberg, Germany, 1934. Nazification of Sport

13. Throwing grenades as a school sport. Militarization of Sport

14. A pedestrian pauses to read a notice announcing an upcoming public meeting, scheduled for Tuesday, December 3, to urge Americans to boycott the 1936 Berlin Olympics. New York, United States, 1935. Debate over the Boycott of the 1936 Olympic Games

15. A sign in the window of a segregated restaurant states that only white patrons will receive service. Lancaster, Ohio, United States, 1938.

16. An anti-Nazi illustration by leftist artist John Heartfield that appeared in the leftist paper AIZ. Here, he depicts a mock ironic program of events-- ranging from "axe swinging" to "artillery fireworks"--at the Nazi Olympics. November 1935.

17. This cartoon appeared in The Jewish Chronicle, July 10, 1936.

18. Members of the U.S. Olympic team arrive in Berlin for the Summer Games, held from August 1-16. Berlin, Germany, 1936.

19. Entry of the American team into Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany, August 1,1936.

20. Milton Green (left), captain of the Harvard University track team, took first place in the 110- meter high hurdles in regional pre-Olympic trials. His teammate, Norman Cahners, also Jewish, qualified for the final Olympics trials as well. Both chose to boycott the national Olympic trials.

21. Group of swimmers of Hakoah Vienna, 1930s, with their coach. First from left: Judith Deutsch, who was expelled from the Austrian team after she refused to participate in the Olympic Games in Berlin, 1936. Vienna, Austria, date uncertain.

22. Adolf Hitler salutes the Olympic flag at the opening of the Olympic Games in Berlin. Germany, August 1, 1936.

24. In the Olympic Stadium, German spectators salute Adolf Hitler during the Games of the 11th Olympiad. Berlin, Germany, August 1936.

28. German spent lavishly in preparation for the Olympic games. Though the Olympic Stadium was the largest in the world, Hitler complained that it was too small. Berlin, Germany, 1936.

29. Official plans for the construction of Olympic facilities in Berlin, Germany, 1935.

30. The Olympic oath is displayed on the scoreboard during opening ceremonies. It reads in part: "We participate in the spirit of chivalry, for the honor of our fatherland, and for the glory of sports." Berlin, Germany, August 1, 1936.

31. Official poster advertising the torch relay for the 1936 Berlin Olympics.

32. Olympic torch bearer running through Berlin, passing by the Brandenburg Gate, shortly before the opening ceremony. Berlin, Germany, July-August 1936.

33. On August 1, 1936, Hitler opened the 11th Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany. Inaugurating a new Olympic ritual, a lone runner arrived bearing a torch carried by relay from the site of the ancient Games in Olympia, Greece. Berlin, Germany, August 1, 1936.

34. Live broadcast from the Olympic games were played at special sites across the city for the German public, here the viewing room in Mehringdamm, Berlin, August, 1936.

35. Special edition for the Olympics of Der Stürmer (The Stormtrooper), a rabidly anti- Jewish newspaper, proclaims the 1936 Olympic games shows “The Truth about Germany.” July 1936.

36. The medal ceremony for women's fencing at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. The German competitor Helene Mayer (who was part Jewish), right, won the silver medal. Berlin, Germany, August 1936.

37. Statues representing "ideal" male athletes are displayed on a Berlin street in honor of the Olympic Games. Berlin, Germany, 1936.

38. Exhibition of Nazi publications--carefully purged of antisemitic titles--on display during the Berlin Olympics. The poster shows countries in which Hitler's MEIN KAMPF had been translated into the native language. Berlin, Germany, August 1936.

39. "The racial point of view should not be used in any way in reporting sports results; above all Negroes should not be insensitively reported....Negroes are American citizens and must be treated with respect as Americans." From a Directive of the Reich Press Chamber to German News media, August 3, 1936. Jesse Owens

40. The Berlin Games are best remembered for Adolf Hitler’s failed attempt to use them to prove his theories of Aryan racial superiority. As it turned out, the most popular hero of the Games was the African- American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals in the 100m, 200m, 4x100m relay and long jump. www.olympic.org Jesse Owens IOC on the Berlin Olympics

41. African American Medalists David AlbrittonHigh jump, silver Cornelius JohnsonHigh jump, gold James LuValle400-meter run, bronze Ralph Metcalfe4x100-meter relay, gold 100-meter dash,silver Jesse Owens100-meter dash, gold 200-meter dash, gold Broad (long) jump, gold 4x100-meter relay, gold Frederick Pollard, Jr100-meter hurdles, bronze Matthew Robinson200-meter dash, silver Archie Williams400-meter run, gold Jack WilsonBantamweight boxing, silver John Woodruff800-meter run, gold

42. Athletes Jesse Owens of the United States (right) and Lutz Long of Germany at the Olympic stadium. Berlin, Germany, 1936.

43. GoldSilverBronze CountriesSum. Germany33263089 United States24201256 Italy89522 Sweden65920 Finland76619 France76619 The Netherlands64717 Hungary101516 Japan54716 Switzerland19515 Final medal totals for the top ten countries participating in the 1936 Berlin Olympics

44. “I'm afraid the Nazis have succeeded with their propaganda. First, the Nazis have run the Games on a lavish scale never before experienced, and this has appealed to the athletes. Second, the Nazis have put up a very good front for the general visitors, especially the big businessmen.” —Foreign correspondent William Shirer in his diary, Berlin, August 16, 1936 William Shirer