1. Affection of digestive accessory organs Liver A.Congenital abnormalities 1)Ectopia and increase number of lobes. 2)Congenital absence of the portal vein or intrahepatic portal broaches

2. Liver B. Acquired lesions 1)Injury Fracture and displacement of the ribs or sharp object migrating through intestinal wall. Severe trauma may result avulsion of vena cava which due to death within thirty minutes.

3. Diagnosis 1)Radiography. 2)Paracentesis. 3)Endoscapy. Treatment 1)Whole blood. 2)Antibiotic (penicillin) 3)Glucose infusion. 4)Surgical operation. Liver

4. 2)Abscess Caused by pyogenic organism may metastasis from adjacent visora or organs introduce into portal blood. Clinical signs 1.Exhibited malaise and loss of condition. 2.Epagastric pain may be with fever. Treatment: Surgical drainage and antibiotic. Liver

5. 3)Neoplasm Primary liver tumors are more common than metastasis to the lungs and hepatic artery. Treatment: Surgical removed. Liver

6. 4)Chronic fibrosis and cirrhosis The toxin or circulatory impairment can result in replacement of normal liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue. Hepatotoxic drags such as carbon tetrachloride may cause extensive necrosis of the liver and subsequent fibrosis. Liver

7. 1)Tumors Diagnosis 1.Paracentesis presence of fresh blood. 2.Microscopic examination. 3.Culturing of aspirated blood growth of tumor cells. 4.X-rays. 5.Endoscope. Treatment: Splenectomy Spleen

8. 2)Rupture Splenic rupture is common following automobile injuries or sudden blows. Diagnosis 1.History of trauma. 2.Evidence of shock. 3.Abdominal tenderness. 4.Abdominal paracentesis. Treatment: Splenectomy. Spleen

9. 3)Torsion of the splenic pedicle Torsion of the splenic pedicle may occur suddenly Acute venous obstruction. Clinical signs: 1.Splenic enlargement. 2.Progressive anemia, hypotension, bilirubinuria and evidence of gastrointestinal disorder such as vomiting, colic, and gastric tympeny. Spleen

10. Treatment: 1.Whole blood transfusion. 2.Corrected immediately or splenectomy. 4)Abscess Abscesses of the spleen accompany pyemia. 5)Cyst Rarely occurs. Spleen

11. Complications of splenectomy 1.Hemorrhage. 2.Injury to the tail of the pancreas. 3.Abscess. 4.Gastric perforation. Splenectomy

12. Indication of splenectomy 1.Splenic neoplasm. 2.Splenic rupture. 3.Splenic infarction 4.Splenic torsion. 5.Splenic abscess. Splenectomy

13. Clinical signs 1.Emaciation. 2.Ascitis. Diagnosis 1.Clinical signs. 2.Laperotomy. 3.Endoscopy. Splenectomy